biology for class ix in English and Sindhi Medium on the latest syllabus notes with mcqs

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CHAPTER ONE I[COLOR="rgb(139, 0, 0)"]NTRODUCTION OF BIOLOGY [/COLOR]
Biology (Bios=life + logos=Discourse)
It is the branch of science which deals with the study of living things both animals and plants is called biology the word of biology is combination of two Greek words (Bios meaning life and logos meaning thought, discourse, reasoning or study. Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution and distribution it means that all aspects of life and every type of living organism are discussed in biology.
The main Branches of Biology
01. ZOOLOGY (ZOO= ANIMAL +LOGOS=DISCOURSE)
It is branch of biology that deals with the study of animal's kingdom is called zoology. Zoology is the study of animals, their structure, function and way of life. - The study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior of animals. The word of zoology is combination of two words Zoo mining Animal and logos mining discourse.
02. BOTANY (BOTAN=meaning Green or plants)
It is the branch of biology, which deals with the study of plants kingdom is called botany by this definition plants include: algae, fungi, mosses, conifers and flowering plants. At least 14,000 years ago, humans have been using plants for food, dressing, building, and medicine. The word of botany is taken from Botan mining green or plants.
03. MICROBIOLOGY (Micro=small + Bio=living things+ logos=discourse)
It is the branch of biology, which deals with the study of very very small living things we can see with the microscope, is called microbiology. The word of micro biology is combination of three words Micro mining very small Bio mining living things and logos mining discourse. For example amoeba, paramecium, euglena, etc.
04. Morphology (Morph=form+ logos=discourse)
The study of form and external structure of living organisms is called morphology, the word of morphology is combination of two Greek words Morph mining form and logos mining discourse. Plant morphology includes the study of the different shapes of leaves, for example, and root systems, Animal morphology studies the shapes of whole animals, or parts, including internal organs (e.g. skin morphology)
05. ANATOMY (ANA= UP + TOMY =TO CUT)
It is the branch of morphology or biology which deals with the study of internal structure and it is functions organs of living things is called anatomy, the word of anatomy is combination of two words Ana – up and tomy mining to cut.
06. Histology (Histoses-tissues + logos-discourse)
It is the branch of biology, which deals with the study of animal and plants tissues, structure, composition, and function of tissue in the human body with the aid of the microscope. Histology, sometimes called microscopic anatomy is very important in the field of biology
07. CYTOLOGY (Cytos-call, hollow+ logos-discourse)
It is the branch of biology which deals with the study of cells in terms of structure and functions of cells or call division and their organelles is called Cell Biology. The word of cytology is combination of two Greek words Cytos – hollow or cavity and logos mining discourse.
08. Physiology (Phyios-Nature + logos- discourse)
It is the branch of biology, which deals with the study of different functions mechanical, physical, and biochemical performed by different parts of living organism is called Physiology. The word of physiology is combination of Greek words phyios - mining Nature and logos- mining discourse.
09. Ecology (ECO- HOUSE +LOGOS – DISCOURSE)
It is the branch of biology, which deals with the study of relationships of living organisms with each other and with their non-living environment and effect on the body of organisms, is called Ecology or Environmental Biology. The word of ecology is combination of two Greek words Eco – house and logos mining discourse.
10. Taxonomy (TAXO=TO CLASSIFY+ NOMOS=LAW)
It is the branch of biology which deals with the study of classification of Living things is called taxonomy. Living organisms are classified into groups and subgroups based on similarities and differences. This is called classification, is that branch of biology in which organisms are classified and given scientific names. The word of taxonomy is combination of two Greek words Taxo – classification and nomos mining law.
11. Embryology (Embero=zygote + logos= discourse)
It is the branch of biology which deals with the study of embryo and their development or fertilizing egg (zygote) is called embryology. The stage between zygote and newly hatched or born baby is called embryo. The word of embryology is composed of two words Embro mining zygote and logos mining discourse
12. Genetics (Genno= to be born, give birth)
It is the branch of biology, which deals with the study of methods and principles of biological inheritance of characters from parents to their offspring, is called genetics. The word of Genetics is taken from one Greek word Genno mining to be born.
13. Paleontology (paleo=ancient+ onto=being, existing)
It is branch of biology which deals with the study of fossils is called paleontology, the body parts of ancient organisms or their impressions preserved in rocks are called fossils. It also includes the study of origin and evolution of organisms. Paleontologists study other animals besides dinosaurs. Invertebrate paleontologists study animals without backbones, such as worms, snails, and insects. Vertebrate paleontologists study animals with backbones. Vertebrate paleontologists might study reptiles, like dinosaurs, or they could study ancient mammals,fish,or birds.
14. Biochemistry
The study of metabolic reactions taking place in living organisms is called biochemistry. These reactions may be constructive or destructive. The assimilation of food is a constructive process and respiration is a destructive process.
15. Biotechnology
It is very modern and recent branch of biology it deals with the study of the (1) use of data and techniques of engineering and (2) technology for the study and solution of problems related with living organism especially of human beings.
Relationship of Biology with other Sciences
In ancient times, there was no distinction of biology and other sciences. Different fields of sciences like biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics are met together in the writings of ancient scientists. In ancient times, these subjects were studied under one head "science", but with the passage of time, the science developed very much and the huge scientific knowledge was then divided into different branches. However even today the inter relationship of these branches cannot be denied.
16 .Biophysics
The study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciencesThe study of various biological phenomena according to principles of physics is called biophysics. For example, movement of muscles and bones based on principles of physics
17. Biochemistry
The study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular levelThe study of different biochemical like carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids etc found in cells of living organisms and hundreds of the underlying chemical reactions in cells of organisms are called biochemistry.
18. Biometry
The data obtained from observations and experiments on living organism is analyzed by various statistical methods called Biometry.
19. Biogeography
The study of plants and animals and the basis of geographical distribution is called Biogeography.
20. Bio-Economics
The study of living organisms from economic point of view is called Bio-Economics. It includes the study of cost effectiveness and viability of biological projects from commercial point of view.

QURANIC TEACHING ABOUT ANIMAL AND PTANTS

The holy quran throws adequate light on the origin of life. The most important fact in the teachings of quran is that Allah is the ultimate creator of every thing. Almighty Allah has conveyed a great knowledge about animals and plants through our holy book.
(Sura anbiyah 21 Ayah 30)
“It says about the origin of life that we made from water every living things will they not then believe.”
An Egyptian Mufassir Allama Abdullah Yousuf Ali has symbolized water with the protoplasm. Thus explains that the protoplasm is the basis of all living things and vital power of protoplasm seems to depend on the constant presence of water.
Allah has also indicated the usefulness of some of the plants and animals. To the human welfare, the following ayah can be quoted for reference.
(Sura Nahal 16 Ayahs 66)
“And verily in cattle too will ye find an instructive sign. From what is within their bodies, between excretions and blood; we produce, for drink, milk, pure and agreeable, to those who drink it.”
Above passage refers to the wonderful act of production of plants and interaction of living and dead.
(Sura Anam Ayah 95)
“It is Allah who splits the seed and the fruit stone. He brings forth the living from the dead. And the dead from the living such is Allah how then can you turn away from him.”
The Quran was revealed 1400 years ago to the last Prophet of God, Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) as a guidance for all humanity Holy quran explained some biological facts, which were beyond the knowledge of human being at that time scientists of today have tried to reveal these facts and have found the truth in all the indications learned from the holy quran.

BIOLOGICAL METHOD
A biological method is a scientific approach used to resolve a biological problem related to or produced by a living organism in order to resolve a specific biological problem a biological method is adopted which consists of following steps.
1- Observation 2- Hypothesis 3- Deduction 4- Experiment
5- Result 6- Theory

1. Observation
Most of the biological investigations start with an observation. After selecting, specific biological problem, observations are made to collect relevant information. For example, take the case of Malaria. Malaria is the greatest killer disease of man for centuries. Malaria was one among many other diseases for which a cure was needed. In 1878, A French physician, Laveran, studied the blood sample of Malaria patient under microscope and observed tiny creatures in it. These creatures were later called Plasmodium.
2. Hypothesis:
To solve a scientific problem, one or more possible propositions are made based on the observations. Such a proposition is called a Hypothesis. The hypothesis is tested by scientific method. For example an observation was made that plasmodium is present in the blood of malaria patients. So a question was raised is plasmodium the cause of malaria? It would be a good guess to say ‘yes’ but it is only a guess which can presented as a hypothesis that:
Plasmodium is the cause of malaria?
3. Deduction:

The logical conclusion drawn from a hypothesis is called deduction. Testing one deduction and finding it correct does not necessarily mean the hypothesis is correct and scientific problem is solved. Actually, if more deductions are found to be correct; the hypothesis will be close to solution of the problem for example to test the above hypothesis the following deduction were made.
“If plasmodium is the cause of malaria then the entire patient suffering from malaria should have plasmodium in their blood while healthy people should not have”

4. Experiment:
Following groups are designed to perform experiments:
(a) Experimental Group
It is the group of those people who are affected in some way and we do not know the real cause e.g. a group of malarial patients.
(b) Control Group
It is the group of unaffected people e.g. persons group of healthy persons. By keeping both of these groups under similar conditions, the difference between them is determined. To know the real cause of malaria, the experts examined the blood of about 100 malarial patients (experimental group). On the other hand, the experts examined the blood of about 100 healthy persons (control group).
5. Result:
Experiment it was found that all the malarial patients had plasmodium in their blood where as the blood of healthy persons were free from plasmodium. These results verified the dedication and finally the hypothesis i.e.
“Plasmodium is the cause of malaria”
6. Theory:
A theory is a set of scientific assumptions consistent with one another and supported by evidence but not fully proved e.g. theory of evolution. Thus, a biologist studies a problem in a sequential manner through observation, question, hypothesis, deduction, testing or experimentation. A caution attitude expressed in the from of criticism and further tests are performed until a satisfactory answer is obtained.

------------------------MUSLIM BIOLOGISTS--------------------
Muslims have made important contribution in the field of biology in earlier age.
01. JABIR-BIN-HAYAN (722- 817 A.D)
Jabber bin Hayan was greatest of all the Muslim scientists and he was wrote books (Al-Nabatat) on plants and (Al-Haywan) on animal respectively.
02. Abul-QASIM AL-ZAHRAVI (936-1004 A.D)
He is the renowned Hakim and surgeon of the Islamic world. Considered a pioneer of modern surgery, wrote the Al-Tasrif (1000), a 30-volume medical encyclopedia which was taught at Muslim and European medical schools until the 17th century. He invented numerous surgical instruments, including the first instruments unique to women, as well as the surgical uses of catgut and forceps, the ligature, surgical, needle, scalpel, curette, retractor, surgical spoon, sound, surgical hook, surgical rod, and specula, bone saw and plaster. Moreover, zahravi is famous for the removal of the urinary bladder stone.
03. ZIAUDDIN –IBN-BAITIR (13TH century A.D)
Ibn-baiter specialized in the study of plants he traveled to several countries observed and studied many species of plants. He published the Kitab-al-Jami-fi-al-Adwiya-al-Mufrada. Which is considered one of the greatest botanical compilations in history, and was a botanical authority for centuries. It contains details on at least 1,400 different plants, foods, and drugs, 300 of which were his own original discoveries. His work was also influential in Europe after it was translated into Latin in 1758.
04. AL-FARABI ------- (870-950 A.D)
He is renowned Hakim and surgeon of the Islamic world. Considered a pioneer of modern surgery he wrote the two very well known books i.e. “kitab-i-Nabatat” and “kitab-ul-Haywanat”.
05. BU-ALI SINA: (980 A.D)
Bu Ali Sina was born in Kharmsheen near Bukhara in 980 A.D he was greatest of all the Muslim scientists and is considered to be one of the founders of medicine he is acknowledged as the greatest expert of his time in medicines in both the East and West. Aside from medicines, he was expert in mathematics, astronomy, physics and Paleontology. He wrote the very well known books “Al-Qanoon” and “il Tib Al-Shifa”
06. IBU-AL HAITHAM (965-1039 A.D)
Haitham is one of the most outstanding figures of Muslim history being an optician of great merit and stature some 200 scientific works said to have been written by him on diverse subjects. He was the first One to correct the Greek conception of vision locating retina as the seat of vision his books”Kitabul-Manazir and Mizanul-Hikma were translated into Latin and other languages.
07. ALI BIN ISA:
He was a well-known eye-specialist of his time. Moreover, worked on structure and the diseases of the eye He wrote three volume on a subject in which he described 130 diseases of the eye. He has also given names of foods helpful in the cure of eye diseases.
08. ABDUL MALIK-ASMAI:
He was born in Basra in741 A.D may be regarded as a specialist of his time in animal science. He wrote many books on animals and plants.
1. Al-kheil------------- is about Horse
2. Al-inbil------------- is about camels
3. As-sha--------------- is about sheep
4. Al-wahoosh---------- is about wild animal
5. Khalaqul-insan ------ is about human body
He not only describes different parts of human body but also narrates their functions.
09. ALI-BIN-Rabban-TUBRI:

He was born in 775 A.D in Tubristan and he died in 870 A.D. his book (firdus-ul-Hikma) has many illustrations and detailed articles on subject like philosophy, zoology psychology and astronomy.
10. IBN-AL NAFEES (13th century A.D)
He described the process of blood circulation in human body. Ibn al-Nafis, considered a pioneer of circulatory physiology, was the first to describe pulmonary circulation and coronary circulation, which form the basis of the circulatory system, for which he is considered one of the greatest physiologists in history.
11. ABU-USMAN-ALJAHIZ:
He writes the book (AL-Haywan) which described characteristics of 350 species of animals especially about life of ants.
OTHER BIOLOGIST
01. Aristotle:
Greek philosopher educated at Athens one of the greatest thinkers and scientific investigators wrote more books on logic, metaphysics, physics, astronomy and meteorology, biology, politics etc. He was the first philosopher who divided the branches of philosophy into ethics.
02. Charles Darwin:
As a child Darwin was gentle, meditative and accurately observant of surrounding he loved to collect and to study all sorts of pebbles, shells, coins, birds, eggs and insects. Investigated theory of evolution which set forth in his “origin of species” in 1859
03. William Harvey
English anatomist and physiologist discoverer of the theory of circulation of blood this famous theory he explained in his essays on the motion of the heart and blood described the blood circulation in human body.
04. Edward jenner:
Eminent English physician discovered vaccination a measure for guarding against smallpox he based his work on the country belief that infection with cowpox prevented contraction of smallpox and knowing that every country saying had truth init, he worked for twenty years and established his principle of vaccination.
05. Louis Pasteur:
French chemist professor of chemistry at the University of Paris 1867 to 1888 discovered the causes of fermentation of alcohol and milk by his experiments he revealed a new world of bacteria put medical science on the path of finding the causes of many diseases and facilitated mothers of prevention made researches on the affections of anthrax, chicken cholera, diphtheria and hydrophobia.
06. Galileo
Was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, and flautist who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution, His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations,
07. Watson and Crick
In 1962 James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology for their determination in 1953 of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The molecule that is the basis for heredity, DNA, contains the patterns for constructing proteins in the body, including the various enzymes.
08. Robert Hook
Robert Hook was the English scientist and inventor who wrote the 1665 book “Micrographia”, in which he coined the term "cell" for a basic biological structure he described his microscopic observations of plant tissues and coined the term cell.
09. Linnaean
The particular classification (taxonomy) of Linnaeus, as set forth in his System (1735) and subsequent works, In the taxonomy of Linnaeus there are three kingdoms, divided into classes, and they, in turn, into orders, genera and species additional rank lower than species
10. Joseph Lister (J. Lister)
Were a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery, who promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Lister successfully introduced carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments and to clean wounds, which led to reduced post-operative infections and made surgery safer for patients
11. Gregor Johann Mendel
Mendel an Augustinian priest and scientist, who gained posthumous fame as the figurehead of the new science of genetics for his study of the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants, Mendel showed that the inheritance of these traits follows particular laws, which were later named after him. The significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century. The independent rediscovery of these laws formed the foundation of the modern science of genetics

CONCEPTS OF ABIOGENESIS AND BIOGENESIS:
In ancient times, there were two views about the origin of life:
A-BIOGENESIS
The word of A-biogenesis is composed of three Greek words.

A= without + BIO=LIFE + GENESIS= GENERATION
The Aristotle presented this famous theory of life.
‘According to this theory that living organisms (both plants and animals) are suddenly developed from clay or non-living organisms is called A-biogenesis.
This based on such observations as growth of fungus on pieces of bread and the appearance of maggots on dead bodies of animals. Aristotle believed that fishes, frogs and aquatic insects spontaneously developed mud and dust of marine water and Scorpion is produced or developed by cattle’s dung the ancients in the Aristotle, and for centuries later, had no especial question in regard to the matter and took it for granted that living things did come from animate matter. Virgil tells us of bees coming from the flesh of bullocks
BIOGENESIS:
The word of Biogenesis is composed of two Greek words.

BIO=LIFE + GENESIS= GENERATION.
The idea of production of living from the non-living was experimentally analyzed. Italian scientists named Redi have presented this famous theory of life. Through several experiments, he showed that all living organisms arise from their parents and negated the idea of A-biogenesis.
‘According to this theory that living organisms (both plants and animals) are not suddenly develop from clay or non-living organisms, but living–being can develop only from other living being is called biogenesis’.

REDI’S EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENT-NO. 01
According this experiment some dead snakes and fishes were placed in a box. After three days maggots appeared in their bodies .after eighteen days these maggots transformed into pupa some of these pupa were then transferred to separated glass containers covered with a sheet paper. After eight days, a fly emerged from each pupa and all flies were similar to those, which visited the body of the dead snakes and fishes. The flies had laid eggs on the dead snakes these eggs gave rise to maggots, which formed pupa and ultimately flies emerged from them.
EXPERIMENT-NO. 02
According the experiment Redi’s took eight bottles he put dead snakes and fishes in others bottle he kept four bottles open and four bottles covered. After a few days maggots appeared in the open bottles only no any maggots appeared in the bottles kept covered. That if the files prevented from entering the bottles the maggots did not appear.
EXPERIMENT-NO. 03
According the experiment some pieces of meat were put in bottle whose mouth was covered with gauze. Thus, air could enter the bottle while files remained out. Again, no maggots appeared on the piece of meat even after many days in spite of the fact that entry of air was possible. These experiment proved living beings rise, born or develop only living beings. Thus, the concept of biogenesis is correct and that of A-biogenesis is wrong.
NEEDHAM’S EXPERIMENT
In 1748 famous scientist Needham, boiled meet in water poured this gravy in bottle and closed their mouth with cork. After a few days many micro-organisms were produced in these covered bottle this once again excited the believers of A- biogenesis. I.e. life from non-living things
PASTURE’S EXPERIMENT
In 1864, pasture preformed his experiment in front of the commission formed of noted biologists to resolve this issue. He took flasks which had long curved ‘S’ shaped necks he added fermentable infusion (yeast+ sugar + water) in bottle and left their mouth open. The yeast infusions were boiled in the flasks and let steam released out of the neck of each flask. Then flasks were allowed to cool no life was produced even after the lapse of several days. Because micro-organisms entering along with incoming air got stuck up in on the curved walls of the glass neck to prove this directly to the infusion it was observed that micro-organisms were produced within 48 hours. This proved that if care was taken and no micro-organisms or their spores were allowed to reach the infusion.
IMPORTANCE OF BIOLOGY
Biology has made an enormous impact on human welfare and in improving quality of life. It has helped us to produce more food and enabled man to realize the importance of balanced diet. Biological researches in many areas including pest control and genetics have made possible the production of better varieties of crops vegetables and fruits. As a result, crop production has increased, incidence of famine has declined and economic conditions for humankind have improved. In the filed of health the discovery of antibiotics and vaccines is noteworthy these have been revolutionary in controlling and eliminating epidemic diseases for example man is relatively safe today from smallpox on account of vaccine technology.
What is Genetic Engineering?
Genetic engineering is a technology in which useful genes are inserted into the bacteria etc, to get required beneficial results. Using this technique, manipulation of heredity material is done and new species are produced e.g. Doli sheep. Today human insulin gene is inserted into DNA of bacteria to synthesize insulin on commercial bases. This insulin is found to be very useful in treatment of diabetic patients.
Islamic concepts About Origin of Life
We have got much information about origin of life by studying the Holy Quran.
Ultimate Creator
The first thing learnt from teachings of Quran is that Allah is the ultimate creator of everything whether plants, animals or non-living things.
"Allah is the creator of all things and He is Guardian of overall things."-
(Surah Zamar-Ayat 62)
Not only plants, animals and non-living things and human beings but also the heavens and whole universe have been created by Allah.
Origin of Life from Water
The second important fact we get from Quran is that Allah has created all living thins from water.
"We made every thing from water." - (Sura Ambia - Ayat 30)
Viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, different plants, all animals and humans are all living things. According to Quranic verses, all diverse living things were created from water.
Creation of Man
Allah also sys in Quran:
"He created man from clay like the potter's." - (Sura Rehman - Ayat 14)
It seems that there were following two sages for creation of man:
The same can also be applied to other animals because there are certain similarities between structure of man and other animals. In vertebrate animals, the structures of digestive system, respiratory system, blood circulatory system, excretory system and reproductive system etc are similar to great extent, although differ in other details .Reproduction in living things. Once the life had been created, Allah implemented the process of reproduction for the continuity of races of animals and other organisms. The various stages of reproduction have been described in sura in following way:
"Then fashioned we drop a clot, then fashioned we clot a little lump, then fashioned we the lump bones, then clothed the bones with flesh." –
(Sura Almominoon Ayat 14)
The close study of above sayings of God reveals that all animals had a common origin but they gradually underwent changes after words and became different from each other i.e. some animals became crawler, some bipedal and some other tetra pods. The present animals are advanced forms of the past animals who achieved this form after passing through many changes.

CHAPTER ONE I[COLOR="rgb(139, 0, 0)"]NTRODUCTION OF BIOLOGY [/COLOR]
Biology (Bios=life + logos=Discourse)
It is the branch of science which deals with the study of living things both animals and plants is called biology the word of biology is combination of two Greek words (Bios meaning life and logos meaning thought, discourse, reasoning or study. Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution and distribution it means that all aspects of life and every type of living organism are discussed in biology.
The main Branches of Biology
01. ZOOLOGY (ZOO= ANIMAL +LOGOS=DISCOURSE)
It is branch of biology that deals with the study of animal's kingdom is called zoology. Zoology is the study of animals, their structure, function and way of life. - The study of animals, including classification, physiology, development, and behavior of animals. The word of zoology is combination of two words Zoo mining Animal and logos mining discourse.
02. BOTANY (BOTAN=meaning Green or plants)
It is the branch of biology, which deals with the study of plants kingdom is called botany by this definition plants include: algae, fungi, mosses, conifers and flowering plants. At least 14,000 years ago, humans have been using plants for food, dressing, building, and medicine. The word of botany is taken from Botan mining green or plants.
03. MICROBIOLOGY (Micro=small + Bio=living things+ logos=discourse)
It is the branch of biology, which deals with the study of very very small living things we can see with the microscope, is called microbiology. The word of micro biology is combination of three words Micro mining very small Bio mining living things and logos mining discourse. For example amoeba, paramecium, euglena, etc.
04. Morphology (Morph=form+ logos=discourse)
The study of form and external structure of living organisms is called morphology, the word of morphology is combination of two Greek words Morph mining form and logos mining discourse. Plant morphology includes the study of the different shapes of leaves, for example, and root systems, Animal morphology studies the shapes of whole animals, or parts, including internal organs (e.g. skin morphology)
05. ANATOMY (ANA= UP + TOMY =TO CUT)
It is the branch of morphology or biology which deals with the study of internal structure and it is functions organs of living things is called anatomy, the word of anatomy is combination of two words Ana – up and tomy mining to cut.
06. Histology (Histoses-tissues + logos-discourse)
It is the branch of biology, which deals with the study of animal and plants tissues, structure, composition, and function of tissue in the human body with the aid of the microscope. Histology, sometimes called microscopic anatomy is very important in the field of biology
07. CYTOLOGY (Cytos-call, hollow+ logos-discourse)
It is the branch of biology which deals with the study of cells in terms of structure and functions of cells or call division and their organelles is called Cell Biology. The word of cytology is combination of two Greek words Cytos – hollow or cavity and logos mining discourse.
08. Physiology (Phyios-Nature + logos- discourse)
It is the branch of biology, which deals with the study of different functions mechanical, physical, and biochemical performed by different parts of living organism is called Physiology. The word of physiology is combination of Greek words phyios - mining Nature and logos- mining discourse.
09. Ecology (ECO- HOUSE +LOGOS – DISCOURSE)
It is the branch of biology, which deals with the study of relationships of living organisms with each other and with their non-living environment and effect on the body of organisms, is called Ecology or Environmental Biology. The word of ecology is combination of two Greek words Eco – house and logos mining discourse.
10. Taxonomy (TAXO=TO CLASSIFY+ NOMOS=LAW)
It is the branch of biology which deals with the study of classification of Living things is called taxonomy. Living organisms are classified into groups and subgroups based on similarities and differences. This is called classification, is that branch of biology in which organisms are classified and given scientific names. The word of taxonomy is combination of two Greek words Taxo – classification and nomos mining law.
11. Embryology (Embero=zygote + logos= discourse)
It is the branch of biology which deals with the study of embryo and their development or fertilizing egg (zygote) is called embryology. The stage between zygote and newly hatched or born baby is called embryo. The word of embryology is composed of two words Embro mining zygote and logos mining discourse
12. Genetics (Genno= to be born, give birth)
It is the branch of biology, which deals with the study of methods and principles of biological inheritance of characters from parents to their offspring, is called genetics. The word of Genetics is taken from one Greek word Genno mining to be born.
13. Paleontology (paleo=ancient+ onto=being, existing)
It is branch of biology which deals with the study of fossils is called paleontology, the body parts of ancient organisms or their impressions preserved in rocks are called fossils. It also includes the study of origin and evolution of organisms. Paleontologists study other animals besides dinosaurs. Invertebrate paleontologists study animals without backbones, such as worms, snails, and insects. Vertebrate paleontologists study animals with backbones. Vertebrate paleontologists might study reptiles, like dinosaurs, or they could study ancient mammals,fish,or birds.
14. Biochemistry
The study of metabolic reactions taking place in living organisms is called biochemistry. These reactions may be constructive or destructive. The assimilation of food is a constructive process and respiration is a destructive process.
15. Biotechnology
It is very modern and recent branch of biology it deals with the study of the (1) use of data and techniques of engineering and (2) technology for the study and solution of problems related with living organism especially of human beings.
Relationship of Biology with other Sciences
In ancient times, there was no distinction of biology and other sciences. Different fields of sciences like biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics are met together in the writings of ancient scientists. In ancient times, these subjects were studied under one head "science", but with the passage of time, the science developed very much and the huge scientific knowledge was then divided into different branches. However even today the inter relationship of these branches cannot be denied.
16 .Biophysics
The study of biological processes through physics, by applying the theories and methods traditionally used in the physical sciencesThe study of various biological phenomena according to principles of physics is called biophysics. For example, movement of muscles and bones based on principles of physics
17. Biochemistry
The study of the chemical reactions required for life to exist and function, usually a focus on the cellular levelThe study of different biochemical like carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids etc found in cells of living organisms and hundreds of the underlying chemical reactions in cells of organisms are called biochemistry.
18. Biometry
The data obtained from observations and experiments on living organism is analyzed by various statistical methods called Biometry.
19. Biogeography
The study of plants and animals and the basis of geographical distribution is called Biogeography.
20. Bio-Economics
The study of living organisms from economic point of view is called Bio-Economics. It includes the study of cost effectiveness and viability of biological projects from commercial point of view.

QURANIC TEACHING ABOUT ANIMAL AND PTANTS

The holy quran throws adequate light on the origin of life. The most important fact in the teachings of quran is that Allah is the ultimate creator of every thing. Almighty Allah has conveyed a great knowledge about animals and plants through our holy book.
(Sura anbiyah 21 Ayah 30)
“It says about the origin of life that we made from water every living things will they not then believe.”
An Egyptian Mufassir Allama Abdullah Yousuf Ali has symbolized water with the protoplasm. Thus explains that the protoplasm is the basis of all living things and vital power of protoplasm seems to depend on the constant presence of water.
Allah has also indicated the usefulness of some of the plants and animals. To the human welfare, the following ayah can be quoted for reference.
(Sura Nahal 16 Ayahs 66)
“And verily in cattle too will ye find an instructive sign. From what is within their bodies, between excretions and blood; we produce, for drink, milk, pure and agreeable, to those who drink it.”
Above passage refers to the wonderful act of production of plants and interaction of living and dead.
(Sura Anam Ayah 95)
“It is Allah who splits the seed and the fruit stone. He brings forth the living from the dead. And the dead from the living such is Allah how then can you turn away from him.”
The Quran was revealed 1400 years ago to the last Prophet of God, Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) as a guidance for all humanity Holy quran explained some biological facts, which were beyond the knowledge of human being at that time scientists of today have tried to reveal these facts and have found the truth in all the indications learned from the holy quran.

BIOLOGICAL METHOD
A biological method is a scientific approach used to resolve a biological problem related to or produced by a living organism in order to resolve a specific biological problem a biological method is adopted which consists of following steps.
1- Observation 2- Hypothesis 3- Deduction 4- Experiment
5- Result 6- Theory

1. Observation
Most of the biological investigations start with an observation. After selecting, specific biological problem, observations are made to collect relevant information. For example, take the case of Malaria. Malaria is the greatest killer disease of man for centuries. Malaria was one among many other diseases for which a cure was needed. In 1878, A French physician, Laveran, studied the blood sample of Malaria patient under microscope and observed tiny creatures in it. These creatures were later called Plasmodium.
2. Hypothesis:
To solve a scientific problem, one or more possible propositions are made based on the observations. Such a proposition is called a Hypothesis. The hypothesis is tested by scientific method. For example an observation was made that plasmodium is present in the blood of malaria patients. So a question was raised is plasmodium the cause of malaria? It would be a good guess to say ‘yes’ but it is only a guess which can presented as a hypothesis that:
Plasmodium is the cause of malaria?
3. Deduction:

The logical conclusion drawn from a hypothesis is called deduction. Testing one deduction and finding it correct does not necessarily mean the hypothesis is correct and scientific problem is solved. Actually, if more deductions are found to be correct; the hypothesis will be close to solution of the problem for example to test the above hypothesis the following deduction were made.
“If plasmodium is the cause of malaria then the entire patient suffering from malaria should have plasmodium in their blood while healthy people should not have”

4. Experiment:
Following groups are designed to perform experiments:
(a) Experimental Group
It is the group of those people who are affected in some way and we do not know the real cause e.g. a group of malarial patients.
(b) Control Group
It is the group of unaffected people e.g. persons group of healthy persons. By keeping both of these groups under similar conditions, the difference between them is determined. To know the real cause of malaria, the experts examined the blood of about 100 malarial patients (experimental group). On the other hand, the experts examined the blood of about 100 healthy persons (control group).
5. Result:
Experiment it was found that all the malarial patients had plasmodium in their blood where as the blood of healthy persons were free from plasmodium. These results verified the dedication and finally the hypothesis i.e.
“Plasmodium is the cause of malaria”
6. Theory:
A theory is a set of scientific assumptions consistent with one another and supported by evidence but not fully proved e.g. theory of evolution. Thus, a biologist studies a problem in a sequential manner through observation, question, hypothesis, deduction, testing or experimentation. A caution attitude expressed in the from of criticism and further tests are performed until a satisfactory answer is obtained.

------------------------MUSLIM BIOLOGISTS--------------------
Muslims have made important contribution in the field of biology in earlier age.
01. JABIR-BIN-HAYAN (722- 817 A.D)
Jabber bin Hayan was greatest of all the Muslim scientists and he was wrote books (Al-Nabatat) on plants and (Al-Haywan) on animal respectively.
02. Abul-QASIM AL-ZAHRAVI (936-1004 A.D)
He is the renowned Hakim and surgeon of the Islamic world. Considered a pioneer of modern surgery, wrote the Al-Tasrif (1000), a 30-volume medical encyclopedia which was taught at Muslim and European medical schools until the 17th century. He invented numerous surgical instruments, including the first instruments unique to women, as well as the surgical uses of catgut and forceps, the ligature, surgical, needle, scalpel, curette, retractor, surgical spoon, sound, surgical hook, surgical rod, and specula, bone saw and plaster. Moreover, zahravi is famous for the removal of the urinary bladder stone.
03. ZIAUDDIN –IBN-BAITIR (13TH century A.D)
Ibn-baiter specialized in the study of plants he traveled to several countries observed and studied many species of plants. He published the Kitab-al-Jami-fi-al-Adwiya-al-Mufrada. Which is considered one of the greatest botanical compilations in history, and was a botanical authority for centuries. It contains details on at least 1,400 different plants, foods, and drugs, 300 of which were his own original discoveries. His work was also influential in Europe after it was translated into Latin in 1758.
04. AL-FARABI ------- (870-950 A.D)
He is renowned Hakim and surgeon of the Islamic world. Considered a pioneer of modern surgery he wrote the two very well known books i.e. “kitab-i-Nabatat” and “kitab-ul-Haywanat”.
05. BU-ALI SINA: (980 A.D)
Bu Ali Sina was born in Kharmsheen near Bukhara in 980 A.D he was greatest of all the Muslim scientists and is considered to be one of the founders of medicine he is acknowledged as the greatest expert of his time in medicines in both the East and West. Aside from medicines, he was expert in mathematics, astronomy, physics and Paleontology. He wrote the very well known books “Al-Qanoon” and “il Tib Al-Shifa”
06. IBU-AL HAITHAM (965-1039 A.D)
Haitham is one of the most outstanding figures of Muslim history being an optician of great merit and stature some 200 scientific works said to have been written by him on diverse subjects. He was the first One to correct the Greek conception of vision locating retina as the seat of vision his books”Kitabul-Manazir and Mizanul-Hikma were translated into Latin and other languages.
07. ALI BIN ISA:
He was a well-known eye-specialist of his time. Moreover, worked on structure and the diseases of the eye He wrote three volume on a subject in which he described 130 diseases of the eye. He has also given names of foods helpful in the cure of eye diseases.
08. ABDUL MALIK-ASMAI:
He was born in Basra in741 A.D may be regarded as a specialist of his time in animal science. He wrote many books on animals and plants.
1. Al-kheil------------- is about Horse
2. Al-inbil------------- is about camels
3. As-sha--------------- is about sheep
4. Al-wahoosh---------- is about wild animal
5. Khalaqul-insan ------ is about human body
He not only describes different parts of human body but also narrates their functions.
09. ALI-BIN-Rabban-TUBRI:

He was born in 775 A.D in Tubristan and he died in 870 A.D. his book (firdus-ul-Hikma) has many illustrations and detailed articles on subject like philosophy, zoology psychology and astronomy.
10. IBN-AL NAFEES (13th century A.D)
He described the process of blood circulation in human body. Ibn al-Nafis, considered a pioneer of circulatory physiology, was the first to describe pulmonary circulation and coronary circulation, which form the basis of the circulatory system, for which he is considered one of the greatest physiologists in history.
11. ABU-USMAN-ALJAHIZ:
He writes the book (AL-Haywan) which described characteristics of 350 species of animals especially about life of ants.
OTHER BIOLOGIST
01. Aristotle:
Greek philosopher educated at Athens one of the greatest thinkers and scientific investigators wrote more books on logic, metaphysics, physics, astronomy and meteorology, biology, politics etc. He was the first philosopher who divided the branches of philosophy into ethics.
02. Charles Darwin:
As a child Darwin was gentle, meditative and accurately observant of surrounding he loved to collect and to study all sorts of pebbles, shells, coins, birds, eggs and insects. Investigated theory of evolution which set forth in his “origin of species” in 1859
03. William Harvey
English anatomist and physiologist discoverer of the theory of circulation of blood this famous theory he explained in his essays on the motion of the heart and blood described the blood circulation in human body.
04. Edward jenner:
Eminent English physician discovered vaccination a measure for guarding against smallpox he based his work on the country belief that infection with cowpox prevented contraction of smallpox and knowing that every country saying had truth init, he worked for twenty years and established his principle of vaccination.
05. Louis Pasteur:
French chemist professor of chemistry at the University of Paris 1867 to 1888 discovered the causes of fermentation of alcohol and milk by his experiments he revealed a new world of bacteria put medical science on the path of finding the causes of many diseases and facilitated mothers of prevention made researches on the affections of anthrax, chicken cholera, diphtheria and hydrophobia.
06. Galileo
Was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, and flautist who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution, His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations,
07. Watson and Crick
In 1962 James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in medicine or physiology for their determination in 1953 of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The molecule that is the basis for heredity, DNA, contains the patterns for constructing proteins in the body, including the various enzymes.
08. Robert Hook
Robert Hook was the English scientist and inventor who wrote the 1665 book “Micrographia”, in which he coined the term "cell" for a basic biological structure he described his microscopic observations of plant tissues and coined the term cell.
09. Linnaean
The particular classification (taxonomy) of Linnaeus, as set forth in his System (1735) and subsequent works, In the taxonomy of Linnaeus there are three kingdoms, divided into classes, and they, in turn, into orders, genera and species additional rank lower than species
10. Joseph Lister (J. Lister)
Were a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery, who promoted the idea of sterile surgery while working at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Lister successfully introduced carbolic acid to sterilize surgical instruments and to clean wounds, which led to reduced post-operative infections and made surgery safer for patients
11. Gregor Johann Mendel
Mendel an Augustinian priest and scientist, who gained posthumous fame as the figurehead of the new science of genetics for his study of the inheritance of certain traits in pea plants, Mendel showed that the inheritance of these traits follows particular laws, which were later named after him. The significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century. The independent rediscovery of these laws formed the foundation of the modern science of genetics

CONCEPTS OF ABIOGENESIS AND BIOGENESIS:
In ancient times, there were two views about the origin of life:
A-BIOGENESIS
The word of A-biogenesis is composed of three Greek words.

A= without + BIO=LIFE + GENESIS= GENERATION
The Aristotle presented this famous theory of life.
‘According to this theory that living organisms (both plants and animals) are suddenly developed from clay or non-living organisms is called A-biogenesis.
This based on such observations as growth of fungus on pieces of bread and the appearance of maggots on dead bodies of animals. Aristotle believed that fishes, frogs and aquatic insects spontaneously developed mud and dust of marine water and Scorpion is produced or developed by cattle’s dung the ancients in the Aristotle, and for centuries later, had no especial question in regard to the matter and took it for granted that living things did come from animate matter. Virgil tells us of bees coming from the flesh of bullocks
BIOGENESIS:
The word of Biogenesis is composed of two Greek words.

BIO=LIFE + GENESIS= GENERATION.
The idea of production of living from the non-living was experimentally analyzed. Italian scientists named Redi have presented this famous theory of life. Through several experiments, he showed that all living organisms arise from their parents and negated the idea of A-biogenesis.
‘According to this theory that living organisms (both plants and animals) are not suddenly develop from clay or non-living organisms, but living–being can develop only from other living being is called biogenesis’.

REDI’S EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENT-NO. 01
According this experiment some dead snakes and fishes were placed in a box. After three days maggots appeared in their bodies .after eighteen days these maggots transformed into pupa some of these pupa were then transferred to separated glass containers covered with a sheet paper. After eight days, a fly emerged from each pupa and all flies were similar to those, which visited the body of the dead snakes and fishes. The flies had laid eggs on the dead snakes these eggs gave rise to maggots, which formed pupa and ultimately flies emerged from them.
EXPERIMENT-NO. 02
According the experiment Redi’s took eight bottles he put dead snakes and fishes in others bottle he kept four bottles open and four bottles covered. After a few days maggots appeared in the open bottles only no any maggots appeared in the bottles kept covered. That if the files prevented from entering the bottles the maggots did not appear.
EXPERIMENT-NO. 03
According the experiment some pieces of meat were put in bottle whose mouth was covered with gauze. Thus, air could enter the bottle while files remained out. Again, no maggots appeared on the piece of meat even after many days in spite of the fact that entry of air was possible. These experiment proved living beings rise, born or develop only living beings. Thus, the concept of biogenesis is correct and that of A-biogenesis is wrong.
NEEDHAM’S EXPERIMENT
In 1748 famous scientist Needham, boiled meet in water poured this gravy in bottle and closed their mouth with cork. After a few days many micro-organisms were produced in these covered bottle this once again excited the believers of A- biogenesis. I.e. life from non-living things
PASTURE’S EXPERIMENT
In 1864, pasture preformed his experiment in front of the commission formed of noted biologists to resolve this issue. He took flasks which had long curved ‘S’ shaped necks he added fermentable infusion (yeast+ sugar + water) in bottle and left their mouth open. The yeast infusions were boiled in the flasks and let steam released out of the neck of each flask. Then flasks were allowed to cool no life was produced even after the lapse of several days. Because micro-organisms entering along with incoming air got stuck up in on the curved walls of the glass neck to prove this directly to the infusion it was observed that micro-organisms were produced within 48 hours. This proved that if care was taken and no micro-organisms or their spores were allowed to reach the infusion.
IMPORTANCE OF BIOLOGY
Biology has made an enormous impact on human welfare and in improving quality of life. It has helped us to produce more food and enabled man to realize the importance of balanced diet. Biological researches in many areas including pest control and genetics have made possible the production of better varieties of crops vegetables and fruits. As a result, crop production has increased, incidence of famine has declined and economic conditions for humankind have improved. In the filed of health the discovery of antibiotics and vaccines is noteworthy these have been revolutionary in controlling and eliminating epidemic diseases for example man is relatively safe today from smallpox on account of vaccine technology.
What is Genetic Engineering?
Genetic engineering is a technology in which useful genes are inserted into the bacteria etc, to get required beneficial results. Using this technique, manipulation of heredity material is done and new species are produced e.g. Doli sheep. Today human insulin gene is inserted into DNA of bacteria to synthesize insulin on commercial bases. This insulin is found to be very useful in treatment of diabetic patients.
Islamic concepts About Origin of Life
We have got much information about origin of life by studying the Holy Quran.
Ultimate Creator
The first thing learnt from teachings of Quran is that Allah is the ultimate creator of everything whether plants, animals or non-living things.
"Allah is the creator of all things and He is Guardian of overall things."-
(Surah Zamar-Ayat 62)
Not only plants, animals and non-living things and human beings but also the heavens and whole universe have been created by Allah.
Origin of Life from Water
The second important fact we get from Quran is that Allah has created all living thins from water.
"We made every thing from water." - (Sura Ambia - Ayat 30)
Viruses, bacteria, algae, fungi, different plants, all animals and humans are all living things. According to Quranic verses, all diverse living things were created from water.
Creation of Man
Allah also sys in Quran:
"He created man from clay like the potter's." - (Sura Rehman - Ayat 14)
It seems that there were following two sages for creation of man:
The same can also be applied to other animals because there are certain similarities between structure of man and other animals. In vertebrate animals, the structures of digestive system, respiratory system, blood circulatory system, excretory system and reproductive system etc are similar to great extent, although differ in other details .Reproduction in living things. Once the life had been created, Allah implemented the process of reproduction for the continuity of races of animals and other organisms. The various stages of reproduction have been described in sura in following way:
"Then fashioned we drop a clot, then fashioned we clot a little lump, then fashioned we the lump bones, then clothed the bones with flesh." –
(Sura Almominoon Ayat 14)
The close study of above sayings of God reveals that all animals had a common origin but they gradually underwent changes after words and became different from each other i.e. some animals became crawler, some bipedal and some other tetra pods. The present animals are advanced forms of the past animals who achieved this form after passing through many changes.

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باب پهريون

حياتيات جو تعارف Introduction to Biology

بائيلاجي Biology
سائنس جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندارن Living things جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي انهي کي بائيلاجي چئجي ٿو لفظ بائيلاجي biology لاطيني ٻولي جو لفظ جيڪو ٻن لفظن جو ميڙ آهي BIOS معنى زندگي ۽ LOGOS جنهن جي معنى بحث ڪرڻ آهي
زولاجي Zoology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جانورن جي باري ۾ڄاڻ ڏي انهي کي زولاجي Zoology چئجي ٿو لفظ زولاجي لاطيني ٻولي جو لفظ آهي جيڪو ٻن لفظن zoo ( جانور) ۽ logos ( بحث ڪرڻ ) جو ميڙ آهي.
بائيلاجي جي هي شاخ جانورن اندروني ۽ ٻاهرين بناوٽ ان جي رهڻي ڪهڻي ۽ انهن جي ماحول جي باري مڪمل ڄاڻ ڏي ٿي مطلب ته هي شاخ جانورن جي پيدائش کان ويندي ان جي ختم ٿيڻ تائين مڪمل ڃاڻ ڏي ٿي.
باٽني Botany
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا ٻوٽن جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي انهي ڄاڻ کي Botany چئجي ٿو. لفظ باٽني لاطيني ٻولي جو لفظ آهي جيڪو لفظ Botan مان ورتل آهي جنهن جي معنى ساوڪ آهي .
بائيلاجي جي هي شاخ هڪ ٻوٽي جي ٻاهرين ، اندروني بناوت ٻج کان ويندي ان جي ختم ٿيڻ تائين مڪمل ڃاڻ مهيا ڪري ٿي .
مائيڪرو بائيلاجي Micro Biology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا تمام ننڍڙن جاندارن جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي ۽ انهن جاندارن کي طاقتور خوردبيني جي مدد سان ڏسي سگھجي انهي ڄاڻ کي مائيڪرو بائيلاجي چئجي ٿو. لفظ مائيڪرو بائيلاجي ٽن لفظن جو ميڙ آهي Micro معنى تمام ننڍا Bioمعنى جاندار logos معنى بحث ڪرڻ.
بائيلاجي جي هي شاخ انهن جاندارن جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي ٿي جن کي اسان پنهنجي عام نظرن سان نه ٿا ڏسي سگھون جيئن اميبا ، ڪليميڊو موناس ، پيرامشيم ، وائرس ۽ بيڪٽيريا وغيره .
مارفالاجي Morphology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندارن جي ٻاهرين بناوت ۽ عضون جي ڪم ڪار جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي انهي ڄاڻ کي مارفالاجي چئجي ٿو لفظ مارفالاجي لاطيني ٻولي جو لفظ آهي جيڪو ٻن لفظن (حالت Morp + بحث ڪرڻ logy ) جو ميڙ آهي.
ائناٽالاجي Anatomy
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندارن جي اندروني بناوت ۽ انهن عضون جي ڪم ڪار جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي انهي ڄاڻ کي ائناٽامي چئجي ٿو لفظ ائناٽامي ٻن لفظن ( مٿي Ana = up + اڀو ڪٽ Tomy = to cut) جو ميڙ آهي.
هسٽالاجي Histology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا تاندورن tissues جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي انهي کي هسٽالاجي چئجي ٿو لفظ هسٽالاجي ٻن لفظن تاندورا Histosis = tissues) بحث ڪرڻ (Logy =Discourse جو ميڙ آهي.
سائٽولاجي Cytology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا سيل ۽ سيل جي ورهاست جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ انهي ڄاڻ کي سائٽولاجي چئجي ٿو لفظ سائٽولاجي ٻن لفظن )کڏ Cytosis=hollow بحث ڪرڻ ( Logy= Discourse جو ميڙ آهي .
فزيولاجي Physiology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندران جي ڪم ڪارن ۽ رهڻي ڪهڻي جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي انهي کي فزيولاجي چئجي ٿو لفظ فزيولاجي ٻن لفظن )قدرتيphysios= Nature بحث ڪرڻ(Logy=Discourse جو ميڙ آهي .
ايڪالاجي Ecology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندارن جي چوڌاري ماحول جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي ۽ هڪ هڪٻئي سان يا غير جاندارن سان لاگاپن ۽ تعلق جي باري ۾ ڃاڻ ڏي ان کي ايڪالاجي چئجي ٿو لفظ ايڪالاجي ٻن لفظن (گھرhouse Eco = بحٽ ڪرڻ Logy =Discourse) جو ميڙ آهي .
ايمبريولاجي Embryology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻچي zygote ان جي مرحلا وار زندگي جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي ان کي ايمبريو لاجي چئجي ٿو لفظ ايمبريولاجي ٻن )ٻچو Embro= zygote بحث ڪرڻ Logy= Discourse ) لفظن جو ميڙ آهي.
ٽيگزانامي Taxonomy
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندارن جي ورهاست ۽ انهن تي سائنسي نالن رکڻ جي علم جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي ان کي ٽيگزانامي چئجي ٿو. لفظ ٽيگزانامي ٻن لفظن ( درجابندي Taxis = grouping قانون Nomy =Law ) جو ميڙ آهي .
جينيٽڪس Genetics
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندارن جي موروثي خاصيتن ۽ ان جي نسل در نسل منتقلي جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي ان کي جينيٽڪس چئجي ٿو لفظ جينيٽڪس هڪ لفظ ( وري وري پيدا ٿيڻ be birth Genesis = to ) مان ورتل آهي.
پيلينٽالاجي Paleontology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا قديم جاندارن جي ڊانچن جي باري ۾ ڃاڻ ڏي ان کي پيلينٽالاجي چئجي ٿو هن کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي جانورن جي باري ملندڙ ڄاڻ کي Paleozoology ۽ ٻوٽن جي باري ۾ ملندڙ ڄاڻ کي Paleobatany چئجي ٿو. موجوده دور ۾ ان شاخ جي مدد سان احرام مصر ۽ ڊائناسور وغيره جي باري ۾ معلومات حاصل ڪئي ويئي آهي.
بايو ڪيميسٽري Bio Chemistry
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندارن جي اندروني توڙي ٻاهرين ڪيميائي تبديلن ۽ عملن جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي ان ملندڙ ڃاڻ کي بايو ڪيميسٽري چئجي ٿو.
بايو ٽيڪنالاجي Bio technology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندارن جي بهبود ۽ ڀلائي جي استعمال ٿيندڙ ٽيڪنڪ جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي ان کي بايو ٽيڪنالاجي چئجي ٿو . موجوده دور ۾ هن شاخ تمام گھڻي ترقي ڪئي آهي جنهن سان انسان جا ڪيترائي ڪم وقت جي بچت سان گڏ اڳئي کان گھڻي فائدي جي صورت ۾مڪمل ٿين ٿا
بايو فزڪس Bio Physics
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندارن جي قائدن ۽ قانونن جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي ان کي بايو فزڪس چئجي ٿو هن شاخ وسيلي جاندارن جي عمر معلوم ڪرڻ کان سواءِ موجوده دور ۾ هن شاخ مان وڌ کان وڌ فائدو حاصل ڪيو وڃي جيئن ريڊو ايڪٽو شعاعن وسيلي ڪينسر جو علاج ، ايڪس ريز X-ray ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ الٽراسائونڊ Ultrasound ٽيڪنالاجي هن جا بهترين مثال آهن .

زندگي جي ابتدا بابت اسلامي نظريوIslamic View About The Origin Of Life
قران شريف مسلمانن جو مقدس ڪتاب آهي جيڪو آخري نبي حضرت محمدﷺ تي الله تعالى جي طرفان وحي ڪري لاٿو ويو هن ڪتاب ۾ جاندارن ۽ بي جان شين جي پيدائش بابت مـختلـف جاين تي ذڪر آيل آهي.
جيئن سورة السجده جي آيت نمبر 7 کان 9 ۾ انسانن جي پيدائش بابت فرمايل آهي.
ترجمو ؛ جنهن شِئ پيدا ڪئي سا سڀڪا چگي طرح بڻايائين ۽ ماڻهو جي پيدائش کي مٽي مان نئون شروع ڪيائين وري سندس اولاد بي قدر پاڻي جي نچوري مان بڻايائين وري کيس سنئين لڱين ڪيائين ۽ منجھس پنهنجو روح ڦوڪيائين ۽ اوهان لاءِ ڪن ۽ اکيون بڻايائين اوهين ٿورو شڪر ڪندا آهيو.
تشريح ؛ قران شريف جي هن ايتن ۾ الله تعالى انسان جي پيدائش بابت فومائي ٿو ته انسان جي پيدائش سڀ کان پهرين مٽي مان ڪئي وئي پوءِ ان مٽي جي بت تي گوشت جي پوساڪ پهرائي ان کي سڌو سنئين لڱين ڪيون ويو انهي بي جان بت ۾ الله تعالى پاڻ پنهنجو روح ڦوڪيو ته اهومٽي جو بت زنده انسان جي صورت ۾ بنجي ويو جنهن کي ڏسڻ لاءِ اکيون ٻڌڻ لاءِ ڪن سوچڻ لاءِ د ماغ ڏنو ويو انهي کان پوء پيدا ٿيندڙ انسان کي گندي پاڻي مان پيدا ڪيو ويو پر افسوس انهي انسان تي جنهن پنهنجي مالڪ جي انهن مهربانين جي باوجود ان جو ٿورو شڪر به ادا نه ٿو ڪري.
قران شريف ۾ جانورن جي پيدائش بابت ڪيترن ئي هنڌن تي ذڪر ڪيل آهي جيئن سورة الانعام ۾ جانورن جي پيدائش بابت فرمايل آهي بيشڪ جانور اوهان لاءِ عبرت آهن ڪي جانور ٻن پيرن تي ڪي جانور چار پيرن تي ڪي وري پيٽ ڀر هلن ٿا.
تشريح ؛ قران شريف جي ان آيت ۾ الله تعالى جانورن جي پيدائش کي انسانن جي لاءِ عبرت چيو آهي اوهان غور ڪريو انهي زمين تي ڪي جانور ٻن پيرن تي يعنى انسان ڪي چار پيرن تي جيئن جانور ۽ ڪي پيٽ ڀر جيئن نانگ وغيره هلن ٿا اهي نشانيون غور ڪرڻ وارن لاءِ ڪافي آهن.

حياتياتي طريقو Biological Method
علم حياتيات ۾ جيڪي نه تجربا ڪيا وڃن اهي اهي ٽجربا مخـتلـف مرحلن مان گذرن ٿا ۽ اخر ۾ اهو تجربو نظري جي صورت اختيار ڪري ٿو حياتياتي طريقي جا چند هيٺيان مرحلا هي آهن .
مشاهدو Observation
حياتياتي طريقي ۾ مشاهدو تمام اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو، جنهن به شي جو مشاهدو ڪرڻو هوندو آهي. سڀ کان پهرين ان شي جو تعين ڪرڻو پوندو آهي مثال طور ؛ اسان مليريا تي مشاهدو ڪريو ٿا ته اها ڪنهن پيدا ٿئي ٿي؟ ڇا اها وچڙندڙ بيماري آهي؟ ان قسم جا ڪيترائي سوال اسان جي ذهين ۾پيدا ٿين ٿا پر انهن سوالن جي جوابن جي لاءِ اسان کي تمام گھڻي محنت ۽ حياتياتي طريقي جي هيٺين مرحلن مان گذرڻو پوندو
مفرضو Hypothesis
مشاهداتي حقيقتن ۽ اڳ جمع ڪيل معلومات جي آڌار تي حياتيات جي ماهرهڪ ذهني اندازا لڳائين ٿا ته مـختلـف سوالن جا ڪهڙا موزون جواب ٿي سگھن ٿا. اهڙي ذهني اندازو جيڪو بيان جي صورت ۾هجي ان کي مفروضو Hypothesis سڌيو وڃي ٿي. مثال طور ـ مشاهدي ۾ مليريا جي مريض جي رت ۾ موجود پلازموڊيم مان هڪ اهو ذهني اندازو لڳايو وڃي ٿو ته
ڇا واقعي پلازموڊيم مليريا جو سبب آهي ? Plasmodium is the really cause of Malaria
گھٽائڻ Deduction
مفروضي ثابت ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪجهه دليلن تي ٻڌل اڳڪٿيون ڪيون وڃن ٿيون يا ائين کڻي چئجي صفائي پيش ڪرڻي پوي ٿي مثال طور مفروضي کي چڪاس ڪرڻ لاءِ هيٺيون منطقي دليل جاري ڪيو وڃي ٿو
“جيڪڏهن پلازموڊيم واقعي مليريا جو ڪارڻ ته ڇا مليريا جي ٻين مريضن جي رت ۾ پلازموڊيم موجود آهي ۽ اها ٻين صحتمند ماڻهن ۾موجود آهي يا نه”
اهڙي طرح انهي مفروضي کي ثابت ڪرڻ ۽ منطقي دليل ڏيڻ لاءِ تجربي جي ضرورت ٿئي ٿي انهي سان مڪمل تصديق حاصل ڪري سگھجي ٿي.
تجربو Experiment
حياتياتي طريقي جو اهم حصو Experiment ٿئي ٿو جنهن ۾ چڪاس ڪئي وڃي ٿي انهن مفروصي وارين اڳڪٿين ۽ منطقي دليل جي . تجربي ۾ اهو ڏٺو وڃي ٿو ته مفروضو صحيح آهي يا غلط ؟. اهوڪم ئي عقل مند ۽ تجريبگار سائينسدان جي هجڻ جوثبوت پيش ڪري ٿو.
حياتياتي طريقي ۾ تجربي واري عمل ۾ سُو 100 تندرست ماڻهن جي رت جا نمونا کنيا ويا ته ٻئي پاسي سُو 100 مليريا جي مريضن جي رت جا نمونا کنيا ويا ۽ ٻنهي رتن کي چڪاس لاءِ رکي وڃي ٿو. ۽ تجربي مان اهو آساني سان معلوم ٿئي ويندو مليريا جو اصل ڪارڻ ڇا آهي.
نتيجو Result
حياتياتي طريقي ۾ تجربي مان آخر ۾ نتيجو ڪڍيو وڃي ٿو مٿئين تجربي جي نتيجي مطابق جڏهن 100سُو تندرست ماڻهن جي رت جا نمونا چڪاسيا ويا ته انهن ۾ پلازموڊيم موجود نه هو جڏهن مليريا جي مريضن جي رت جا نمونا چڪاسيا ويا ته انهن ۾ پلازموڊيم موجود هو انهي تجربي مان اهو ثابت ٿي ويو ته مليريا جو اصل ڪارڻ پلازموڊيم آهي جيڪو مادي مڇر جي چڪ سان رت ۾ منتقل ٿئي ٿو.
نظريو Theory
حياتياتي طريقي ۾ سڀني کان ڏکيو مرحلو نظريو theory مرتب ڪرڻ ۽ انهي کي حياتياتي ماهرن جي اڳيان ثبوتن سان پيش ڪرڻ آهي . اهو ممڪن نه آهي ته مفروضي کي هڪدم ثابت ڪري سگھجي ان نظريي جي سچي يا ڪوڙي هئڻ لاءِ آهستي آهستي جمع ٿيندڙ اڻ سڌا ثبوت هئڻ ضروري آهن جيئن جيئن ثبوت ايندا ويندا تيئن تيئن انهي تجربي کي تسليم ڪرڻ جا موقعا وڌندا ويندا . آخر ڪار اهي ثبوت هڪ نظريي جي صورت اختيار ڪري وٺندا .
ابايوجينسس بايوجينسس ريڊي جو تجربوExperiment A-Biogenesis, Biogenesis and Redi’s
هي حياتي جا ٻه مشهور نظريا آهن جيڪي مختلف وقتن تي ڏنا ويا ، حياتي جي باري ۾ ڪيترائي نظريا ڏنا ويا پر انهن نظرين مان ٻه هيٺيان مشهورنظريا هي آهن
ابايو جينسس A-Biogenesis
حياتي جو هي مشهور نظريو مشهور مفڪر ارسطو جو ڏنل آهي هن نظريي مطابق،
“جاندار شيون بي جان شين مان اوچتو ازخد يا پاڻ مرادو پيدا ٿين ٿيون”
حياتي جو هي نظريو جڏهن پيس ٿيو ته انهي نظري کي تمام گهڻي اهميت ملي ڇاڪاڻ ته ارسطو پنهنجي دور جو مشهور فاتح سڪندر اعظم جو استاد هو ۽ ارسطو پنهنجي نظريي کي وڌيڪ ڪامياب بنائڻ لاءُ هيٺيان مثال ڏنا
مثال وڇون جانورن جي ڇيڻ مان پيدا ٿي ٿو
مثال مڇيون سمنڊ جي مٽي ۽ گپ مان پيدا ٿين ٿيون
مثال مري ويندڙ جانورن جي جسم ۾ ڪيئان پيدا ٿين ٿا
مثال کاڌي وارين شين تي سينور جو پيدا ٿيڻ وغيره انهي جو ثبوت آهي ته جاندار شيون بي جان شين مان اوچتو پاڻمرادو پيدا ٿين ٿيون.
بايوجينسس Biogenesis
ارسطو جي خيال تي مشهور سائنسدان ريڊي ڪيترائي تجربا ڪيا انهي نظري جي حقيقتن کي ڃاڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ته ڇا واقعي جاندار شيون بي جان مان پيدا ٿئي سگھن ٿيون آخر هن ڪيترن تجربن وسيلي انهي خيال کي غلظ قرار ڏئي دنيا کي اصل حقيقت کان اگاه ڪيو. حياتي جي هن مشهور نظريي کي بايو جينسس Biogenesis سڏيو وڃي ٿو. هن نظريي مطابق ،
“جاندار شيون بي جان شين مان اوچتو ازخد يا پاڻ مرادو پيدا ٿي نه ٿيون سگهن پر جاندار شيون جاندارن مان ئي پيدا ٿين ٿيون ‘
مثال ، انسان انسانن مان ، جانور جانورن مان ۽ ٻوٽا ٻوٽن مان پيدا ٿين ٿا حياتي جي انهي نظريي کي وڌيڪ ثابت ڪرڻ لاءِ ريڊي نالي سائينسدان هڪ آسان تجربو ڪري دنيا کي اهو ثابت ڪري ڏيکاريو ته جاندار شيون جاندارن مان پيدا ٿين ٿيون.

ريڊي جو تجربو Redi’s Experiment
تجربو نمبر 01 Experiment No.
هن تجربي مطابق ريڊي نالي سائنسدان چند کليل منهن وارن بوتلن جي اندر مئل مڇي ۽ نانگ وڌا ۽ انهن بوتلن کي هن کليل ڇڏي ڏنو ٽن ڏينهن کان پوءِ انهن ۾ ڪينئان پئجي ويا. وڌيڪ مشاهدي لاءِ ريڊي انهن بوتلن کي وڌيڪ 18 ڏينهن تائين چڏي ڏنو جڏهن هن ٻيهر مشاهدو ڪيو ته انهي ۾ موجود ڪينئان پيوپا pupa ۾تبديل ٿئي چڪا هئا هن انهن پيوپا مان چند پيوپا pupa کڻي انهي کي الڳ بوتل ۾ وجهي ڪاغذ سان ڍڪي ڇڏيو 8 ڏينهن کان پوءِ هرهڪ پيوپا هڪ ننڍي مک ٺهي پئي ۽ اهي سڀ مکيون مئل نانگ ۽ مڇي تي ويٺل جهڙيون ئي نظر آيون. انهي تجربي مان اهو ثابت ٿيو ته ڪينئان ئي انهن مکين جا ٻچا آهن جن پنهنجا آنا انهن مئل نانگ ۽ مڇي تي لاٿا هئا جيڪي پوءِ ڦٽي پيوپا جي صورت اختيار ڪري مکيون بنجي ويون.
تجربو نمبر 02 Experiment No.
هن تجربي ۾ ريڊي سائنسدان 8 بوتلن ۾ مڇي ۽ نانگ وڌا انهن مان 4 بوتلن کي هن کليل ۽ 4 بوتلن کي ڍڪڻي سان بند ڪيو ڪجهه ڏينهن جي انتطار کان پوءِ جڏهن هن انهن بوتلن جو مشاهدو ڪيو ته جيڪي بوتلون کليل هيون انهن ۾ ڪينئان ۽ پيوپا pupa پيدا ٿئي چڪا هئا جڏهن ته بند بوتلن جي اندر مڇي ۽ نانگ ڳري ، سڙي بد بوءَ ڪري چڪا پر انهن بوتلن جي اندر ڪو به نئون جاندار يعني ڪينئان يا پيوپا pupa پيدا ٿيل نه هئا جنهن مان اهو ثابت ٿئي چڪو ته ارسطو جو ابايو جينسس وارو خيال غلظ آهي.
تجربو نمبر 03Experiment No.
هن تجربي ۾ ريڊي سائنسدان ڪجھ گوشت جا ٽڪرا کڻي انهن کي ويڪري منهن واري بوتل ۾ وجھي ان کي سنهي ڃاري سان بند ڪري ان کي وري هڪ ڃاري جي فريم ۾ بند ڪري ڇڏيو انهي بوتل ۾ هوا ته داخل ٿئي سگھي ٿي پر مک يا ٻيو جيت ان جي اندر داخل نه ٿي ٿئي سگهيو ٿي ڪيترن ڏينهن کان جڏهن هن انهي بوتل جو مشاهدو ڪيو ته انهي بوتل ۾ گوشت ته سڙي بد بوءِ ڪري چڪو پر انهي گوشت ۾ ڪو به نئون جاندار ڪينئان يا پيوپا pupa وغيره پيدا ٿيل نه هو جنهن ڪري انهي تجربي اهو ثابت ڇڏيو ته ابايو جينسس وارو نظريو غلظ آهي جڏهن ته بايو جينسس وارو نظريو صحيح آهي. جنهن مطابق جاندار شيون جاندارن مان پيدا ٿين ٿيون.

نيڌام جو تجربو Needham’s Experiment
مشهور سائنسدان نيڌام 1748ع ۾ هڪ آسان تجربو ڪري بايو جينسس واري نظري کي چيلينج ڪري هڪ دفعو ٻيهر دنيا کي اهو ثابت ڪري ڏيکاريو ته جاندار شيون بي جان شين مان پيدا ٿي سگھن ٿيون.
هن تجربي جي مطابق نيڌام سائنسدان ڪجھ گوشت جي ٽڪرن کي پاڻي ۾ اٻاري انهن کي بوتلن ۾ وجھي ان جي منهن کي ٻوچ سان بند ڇڏيو ڪجھ ڏينهن کان پوءِ جڏهن هن انهي گوشت کي خوردبيني Microscope جي وسيلي مشاهدو ڪيو ته هن کي انهي گوشت جي اندر ڪيترائي خوردبيني جاندار نطر آيا جنهن ڪري انهي تجربي هڪ دفعو ٻيهر اهو ثابت ڪيو ته جاندار شيون بي جان شين مان پيدا ٿئي سگھن ٿيون

پاسچر جو تجربو Pasture’s Experiment
فرانس جي مشهور سائنسدان لوئيس پاسچر 1864ع ۾ حياتيات ماهرن جي ٽيم جي سامهون هڪ آسان تجربو ڪري همشيه جي لاءِ اهو ثابت ڪري ڏيکاريو ته جاندار شيون جاندارن مان پيدا ٿين ٿيون پر ڪا به جاندار شي بي جان شيءِ مان پيدا ٿئي نه ٿي سگھي .
هن تجربي جي مطابق پاسچر ڪجھ مڙيل ڳچي واريون S ٽائيپ type واريون گھگھيون کنيون انهن جي اندر ڪجھ خميرجڻ وارو شربت نما ڳار جنهن ۾ پاڻي ، کنڊ ۽ خمير yeast مليل هو جيڪو خوردبيني جاندارن جو کاڌو آهي انهي کي هن گھگھين ۾ وجھي ۽ ان جي منهن کي کليل ڇڏي ڏنو ۽ هاڻي انهي شربت نما ڳار کي هن اٻاريو جيئن انهي اٻاريل سان شربت نما ڳارمان خوردبيني جاندار مري وڃن ۽ اهڙي طرح سان انهي S وانگر مڙيل نلي مان دونهون ٻاهر نڪرندو رهيو. انهي کان پوءَ هن انهي ڳار کي ٿڌي ٿيڻ تائين ڇڏي ڏنو . جڏهن هن خوردبين سان ان ڳار جو مشاهدو ڪيو ته ان ۾ هن کي ڪو به خوردبيني جاندار نظر نه آيو پر جڏهن هن مڙيل نلي واري حصي جو مشاهدو ڪيو ته هن کي ان ۾ ڪيترائي خوردبيني جاندار نظر آيا جيڪي هوا ۾موجود خوردبيني جاندارهئا اهي انهي مڙيل نلي مان اندر داخل ٿيا ۽ اهي مڙيل نلي وارن حصن ۾ ڦاسي پيا پر اهي ڳار تائين پهچي نه سگھيا. تجربي کي وڌيڪ آسان بنائڻ لاءِ پاسچر انهي مڙيل نلي واري حصي کي گھگھي جي منهن وٺان ڪٽي ڇڏيو چند ڪلاڪن کان پوءِ جڏهن هن انهي ڳار جو مشاهدو ڪيو ته هن کي انهي ڳار ۾ ڪيترائي خوردبيني جاندار نظر آيا. انهي مان ثابت ٿيو ته هوا ۾ جيڪي خوردبيني موجود آهن اهي کاڌي ۾ شامل ٿين ٿا ، اهڙي طرح انهي تجربي مان هڪ دفعو ٻيهر اهو ثابت ٿيو ته جاندار شيون جاندان مان پيدا ٿين ٿيون.
علم حياتيات ۾ مسلم سائنسدانن جوحصو. Part of Muslim Biologists in Biology The
علم حياتيات ۾ مسلم شائنسدانن تمام گھڻو ڪم ڪيو جن مسلم سائنسدانن انهي ميدان اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو انهن مان چند هي آهن .
جابر بن حيان Bin -Hayan Jabir -
جابر بن حيان 722ع ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 817 ع ۾ وفات ڪيائين هي مسلم سائنسدان پنهنجي دور جو مشهور ڪيميادان ، علم نباتات ، علم حيوانات ، علم نـفسات ۽ علم فلڪيات جو ماهر مسلم سائنسدان ٿئي گذريو آهي هن علم ڪيميا ۾ ڪيترائي تيزاب روشناس ڪرايا ، آڪسيجن ۽ بخار جي عمل جي باري ۾ تـفصلي معلومات مهيا ڪئي جڏهن ته هن سائنسدان علم حياتيات ۾ به تمام گھڻي کوجنا ڪئي سندس جانورن تي لکيل ڪتاب ) الحيوان (۽ ٻوٽن تي النباتات مشهور ڪتاب آهن.
عبدالماڪ اصمعي Abdul - Malik – Asmai
عبدالماڪ اصمعي جو نالومسلم سائنسدانن ۾ سونهري اکرن ۾ لکيو وڃي ٿو هي سائنسدان علم طب ، علم الحيوانات ۽ علم فلڪيات جو ماهر مسلم سائنسدان ٿئي گذريو آهي هن سائنسدان علم حياتيات ۾ تمام گھڻو ڪم ڪيو سندس لکيل ڪيترائي ڪتاب يورپ جي يونيورسٽين ۾ نصاب طور پڙهيا ويندا هئا .سندس لکيل چند ڪتاب هي آهن
01. الخيل گھوڙن جي باري ۾
02. انابل اٺن جي باري ۾
03. الشاة رڍن جي باري ۾
04. الوحوش جھنگي جانورن جي باري ۾چ
05. خلق الانسان انسان جي باري ۾
علي ربن طبري Ali – Bin -Tubri
هي سائنسدان علم طب ، علم فلڪيات ، علم رياضي ۽ علم حياتيات جو ماهر مسلم سائنسدان ٿئي گذريو آهي علي ربن طبري 775ع پيدا ٿيو ۽ 870 ع ۾ وفات ڪيائين هن سائنسدان کي علم طب ۾ تمام گھڻي مقبوليت حاصل آهي سندس طب تي لکيل مشهور ڪتاب ) فردوس الحڪمته ( آهي
ابو عثمان عمر الجاحظ Abu – Usman – Umer - Aljahiz
هن سائنسدان علم الحيوانات ۾ تمام کوجنا ڪئي سندس جانورن تي لکيل ڪيترائي ڪتاب اڄ به مخـتلـف ٻولين ۾ ترجمو ٿيل آهن سندس لکيل ڪتاب )الحيوان( ۾ هن تـقريبن 350 جانورن جي مخـتلـف خاصيتن جو ذڪر ڪيو آهي هن ڪتاب ۾ هن ماڪوڙين تي هڪ خاص مضمون لکيو آهي جنهن ۾ هن ماڪوڙين جي زندگي جو تـفصيلي ذڪر ڪيوآهي
الفاربي Al – Farabi
الفاربي 870ع ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 950ع ۾وفات ڪيائين هي سائنسدان پنهنجي دور جو مڃيل جراح ۽ علم طب جو ماهر سائنسدان هو هن سائنسدان کي اهو مقام حاصل آهي ته هن سڀ کان پهرين ميڊيڪل انسائيڪلوپيڊيا لکي سندس لکيل ڪيترائي ڪتاب ڪيتري وقت تائين يورپ جي يونيورسٽين ۾ نصاب طور پڙهيا ويندا هئا سندس لکيل ڪتابن ۾ )ڪتاب النباتات ( ۽ )ڪتاب الحيوانات( مشهور ڪتاب آهن
ابو القاسم الزهراوي Abul –Qasim – Al -Zahravi
هي سائنسدان 936ع ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 1004ع ۾ وفات ڪيائين هي سائنسدان اسلامي اندلس جو ڏهين صدي جو سڀ کان وڏو جراح هو جنهن ڪيترائي جراحي اوزار ايجاد ڪيا هن سائنسدان کي اهو مقام حاصل آهي هن سڀ کان پهرين مثاني مان پٿري ڪڍڻ جو ڪامياب تجربو ڪيو سندس لکيل ڪتاب) النصريف( علم طب جو بي مثال ڪتاب آهي جنهن ۾ جراحي جي اوزارن جا نـقشا ۽ آپريشن جي مڪمل ڃاڻ ڏنل آهي هن ڪتاب جو ڪيترين ٻولين ترجمو ٿيل آهي
ابن الهيشم Ibn –al - Haitham
مسلم سائنسدانن ۾ابن الهيشم کي جيڪو مقام حاصل آهي اهو شايد ڪنهن ٻئي جي حصي ۾ نه اچي سگھي هي مشهور مسلم سائنسدان 965ع ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽1039ع ۾ وفات ڪيائين هي سائنسدان علم ڪيميا ،علم طبعي ، علم حياتيات ، علم فلڪيات ، علم رياضي ، علم نفسات ۽ علم طب جو ماهر مسلم سائنسدان تصور ڪيو وڃي ٿو هن سائنسدان اک جي بناوت ۽ اک جي ڪارڪردگي جي باري ۾ڃاڻ ڏني ۽ اهو به ٻڌايو ته ڏسڻ وارو علم اک جي پردي Retina جي وسيلي ٿئي ٿو هن سائنسدان عينڪ ٺاهڻ جو به ڪامياب تجربو ڪيو سندس لکيل ڪتاب (ڪتاب المناظر ۽ ميزان الحڪمته ) مشهور ڪتاب آهن.



بو علي سينا Bu –Ali – Sina
مسلم سائنسدانن ۾ بوعلي سينا جو نالو سندس ڪيل ڪمن جي ڪري هميشه سونهري اکرن ۾لکيو وڃي ٿو هي مشهور مسلم سائنسدان 980ع ۾بخارا شهر ۾پيدا ٿيو ۽ 1038ع ۾ وفات ڪيائين هي سائنسدان اسلامي دنيا جو عظيم مفڪر ، علم طب ، علم فلڪيات ،علم فلسفي علم رياضي ،علم ڪيميا ۽ علم طبعي جو ماهر مسلم سائنسدان ٿي گذريو آهي هن سائنسدان ڏهن سالن جي عمر ۾ قران شريف ، فقه ۽ آدب ۾ ڪمال حاصل ڪيو هن سائنسدان کي علم طب جو باني سڏيو وڃي ٿو سندس طب تي لکيل ڪتاب )في الطب الشفا( مشهور ڪتاب آهي جانورن ۽ بي جاندار شين تي لکيل ڪتاب )القانون( تمام گھڻي مقبوليت حاصل ڪئي.
ضياءُ الدين ابن بيطار- Baitar Zia –ud – Din -Ibn
علم نباتات جي حوالي سان جڏهن به ذڪر ٿيندو ته انهي ۾ ضياءٌ الدين ابن بيطار جو نالو سر فهرست هوندو هن سائنسدان تقريبن اڌ دنيا جو پيادل سفر ڪري ڪيترائي نوان ٻوٽا ۽ جڙي ٻوٽيون ڳولي لڌيون ۽ ڪيترن ئي ٻوٽن جا نالا هن جا تجويز ڪيل آهن
ابن النـفس Ibn –al –Nafees
هي تيرهن صدي جو مشهور مسلم سائنسدان ٿي گذريو آهي هن سائنسدان انساني رت جي دوري ۽ انساني دل جي باري ۾ ڃاڻ ڏني.
علي بن عيسى Ali –bin –Isa
هي مسلم سائنسدان اکين جي بيمارين جو مشهور سائنسدان ٿئي گذريو آهي هن سائنسدان اک جي بنارت ۽ اکين جي بيمارين جي باري ۾ تمام مفيد معلومات مهيا ڪئي هن سائنسدان اک جي 130 بيمارين جي نشاندگي ڪئي ان جو علاج پڻ تجويز ڪيو سندس اک تي لکيل ڪتاب ڪيترين ئي ٻولين ۾ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.

حياتيات جا ٻيا ماهر سائنسدان Other Biologists
علم حياتيات ۾ پندرهن صدي کان پوءِ مسلم سائنسدانن جي رهيل ڪمن کي جاري رکڻ لاءِ يورپين ۽ ٻين سائنسدانن اهم ڪم سر انجام ڏنا جن سائنسدانن انهي ميدان ۾ اهم ڪم سر انجام ڏنو انهن مان چند هي آهن.
وليم هاروي William Harvey )1578ع کان 1657(
هن سائنسدان انساني رت جي دوري ، بلڊ پريشر ۽ انساني دل جي باري ۾ تـفصيلي ڃاڻ ڏني
گليليو Galileo
هن سائنسدان جو سڀ کان وڏو ڪارنامو خوردبين microscope جو ايجاد آهي جنهن وسيلي تمام ننڍين شين کي ڏسي سگھجي ٿو.
رابرٽ هڪ Robbert Hook
هن سائنسدان جو سڀ کان وڏو ڪارنامو جيوگھرڙي cell جي دريافت آهي هن سائنسدان سڀ کان پهرين ٻوٽن جو جيوگھرڙو دريافت ڪيو.
لينيئس Linnaeus 1704ع کان 1778ع
هن سائنسدان جاندان جي خاصيتن جي بنياد تي درجابندي ڪرڻ ۽ انهن تي سائنسي نالن رکن جو طريقو دريافت ڪيو جنهن ڪري هن سائنسدان کي ٽيگزانامي جو ابو father of Taxonomy سڏيو وڃي ٿو.
لوئيس پاسچر Louis Pasteur 1822ع کان 1895ع
هن سائنسدان ڪيترين بيمارين جا جراثيم دريافت ڪئي سندس سڀ کان وڏو ڪارنامو ٽي بي T-B جو جراثيم bacteria جي دريافت ڪرڻ آهي.
جي . ليسٽر J – Lister
هن سائنسدان ڪيتريون ئي جراثيم ڪش دوائون ايجاد ڪيون جيڪي زخمن ۽ ڦٽن جي لاءَ استعمال ٿين ٿيون مثال ؛ آيوڊين ۽ ڪاربولڪ ايسڊ
ايڊورڊ جينر Edward Jennar
هن سائنسدان جو سڀ کان وڏو ڪارنامو ماتا small pox جو ٽڪو ايجاد ڪرڻ آهي هي موتمار بيماري انهي وقت ڪيترن ئي انسانن کي پنهنجو نشانو بنائي چڪي هئي پر هن ٽڪي جي ايجاد کان پوءَ هن بيماري جو هاڻي پوري دنيا مان خاتمو ٿئي چڪو آهي.
جينيٽڪ انجنيئرنگ Genetic engineering
علم حياتيات ۾ موجوه دور ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪم جينيٽڪ انجنيئرنگ تي ٿئي رهيو آهي جنهن ۾ هٿرادو نموني سان DNA جي تياري آهي جنهن جي هٿرادو نموني سان منتقلي ڪئي وڃي ٿي انهي طريقي جي مدد سان ڪيترين ئي موروثي بيماريون مثلا؛ سسٽڪ فائبروسس ، هيمو فليا ۽ دم وغيره جو هاڻي خاتمو آڻي سگھجي ٿو جيڪي اڳ لا علاج بيماريون تصور ڪيون وينديون هيون. دنيا ۾ ڪيتريون ئي بيماريون موروثي آهن جيڪي اسان ۾ پنهنجي والدين مان منتقل ٿين. جينيٽڪ انجنيئرنگ ۾ ٻيو وڏو ڪمال ڪلوننگ Cloning جوطريقو آهي تازو ئي ان مثال ڊولي رڍ جي پيدائش آهي انهي کان سواءِ ٽشو ڪلچر tissues culture جو طريقو به حيرت ۾ وجھندڙ آهي جنهن وسيلي جسم جي ناڪارن حصن جاءِ تي ٻين صحتمند حصن جو لڳائڻ آهي. مطلب ته هن جديد ٽيڪنالاجي جي دور ۾ انسانن جي فائدي لاءِ وڌ کان وڌ جينيٽڪ انجنيئرنگ ڪم ڪري رهي آهي

باب پهريون

حياتيات جو تعارف Introduction to Biology

بائيلاجي Biology
سائنس جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندارن Living things جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي انهي کي بائيلاجي چئجي ٿو لفظ بائيلاجي biology لاطيني ٻولي جو لفظ جيڪو ٻن لفظن جو ميڙ آهي BIOS معنى زندگي ۽ LOGOS جنهن جي معنى بحث ڪرڻ آهي
زولاجي Zoology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جانورن جي باري ۾ڄاڻ ڏي انهي کي زولاجي Zoology چئجي ٿو لفظ زولاجي لاطيني ٻولي جو لفظ آهي جيڪو ٻن لفظن zoo ( جانور) ۽ logos ( بحث ڪرڻ ) جو ميڙ آهي.
بائيلاجي جي هي شاخ جانورن اندروني ۽ ٻاهرين بناوٽ ان جي رهڻي ڪهڻي ۽ انهن جي ماحول جي باري مڪمل ڄاڻ ڏي ٿي مطلب ته هي شاخ جانورن جي پيدائش کان ويندي ان جي ختم ٿيڻ تائين مڪمل ڃاڻ ڏي ٿي.
باٽني Botany
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا ٻوٽن جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي انهي ڄاڻ کي Botany چئجي ٿو. لفظ باٽني لاطيني ٻولي جو لفظ آهي جيڪو لفظ Botan مان ورتل آهي جنهن جي معنى ساوڪ آهي .
بائيلاجي جي هي شاخ هڪ ٻوٽي جي ٻاهرين ، اندروني بناوت ٻج کان ويندي ان جي ختم ٿيڻ تائين مڪمل ڃاڻ مهيا ڪري ٿي .
مائيڪرو بائيلاجي Micro Biology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا تمام ننڍڙن جاندارن جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي ۽ انهن جاندارن کي طاقتور خوردبيني جي مدد سان ڏسي سگھجي انهي ڄاڻ کي مائيڪرو بائيلاجي چئجي ٿو. لفظ مائيڪرو بائيلاجي ٽن لفظن جو ميڙ آهي Micro معنى تمام ننڍا Bioمعنى جاندار logos معنى بحث ڪرڻ.
بائيلاجي جي هي شاخ انهن جاندارن جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي ٿي جن کي اسان پنهنجي عام نظرن سان نه ٿا ڏسي سگھون جيئن اميبا ، ڪليميڊو موناس ، پيرامشيم ، وائرس ۽ بيڪٽيريا وغيره .
مارفالاجي Morphology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندارن جي ٻاهرين بناوت ۽ عضون جي ڪم ڪار جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي انهي ڄاڻ کي مارفالاجي چئجي ٿو لفظ مارفالاجي لاطيني ٻولي جو لفظ آهي جيڪو ٻن لفظن (حالت Morp + بحث ڪرڻ logy ) جو ميڙ آهي.
ائناٽالاجي Anatomy
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندارن جي اندروني بناوت ۽ انهن عضون جي ڪم ڪار جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي انهي ڄاڻ کي ائناٽامي چئجي ٿو لفظ ائناٽامي ٻن لفظن ( مٿي Ana = up + اڀو ڪٽ Tomy = to cut) جو ميڙ آهي.
هسٽالاجي Histology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا تاندورن tissues جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي انهي کي هسٽالاجي چئجي ٿو لفظ هسٽالاجي ٻن لفظن تاندورا Histosis = tissues) بحث ڪرڻ (Logy =Discourse جو ميڙ آهي.
سائٽولاجي Cytology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا سيل ۽ سيل جي ورهاست جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ انهي ڄاڻ کي سائٽولاجي چئجي ٿو لفظ سائٽولاجي ٻن لفظن )کڏ Cytosis=hollow بحث ڪرڻ ( Logy= Discourse جو ميڙ آهي .
فزيولاجي Physiology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندران جي ڪم ڪارن ۽ رهڻي ڪهڻي جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي انهي کي فزيولاجي چئجي ٿو لفظ فزيولاجي ٻن لفظن )قدرتيphysios= Nature بحث ڪرڻ(Logy=Discourse جو ميڙ آهي .
ايڪالاجي Ecology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندارن جي چوڌاري ماحول جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي ۽ هڪ هڪٻئي سان يا غير جاندارن سان لاگاپن ۽ تعلق جي باري ۾ ڃاڻ ڏي ان کي ايڪالاجي چئجي ٿو لفظ ايڪالاجي ٻن لفظن (گھرhouse Eco = بحٽ ڪرڻ Logy =Discourse) جو ميڙ آهي .
ايمبريولاجي Embryology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا پيدا ٿيندڙ ٻچي zygote ان جي مرحلا وار زندگي جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي ان کي ايمبريو لاجي چئجي ٿو لفظ ايمبريولاجي ٻن )ٻچو Embro= zygote بحث ڪرڻ Logy= Discourse ) لفظن جو ميڙ آهي.
ٽيگزانامي Taxonomy
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندارن جي ورهاست ۽ انهن تي سائنسي نالن رکڻ جي علم جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي ان کي ٽيگزانامي چئجي ٿو. لفظ ٽيگزانامي ٻن لفظن ( درجابندي Taxis = grouping قانون Nomy =Law ) جو ميڙ آهي .
جينيٽڪس Genetics
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندارن جي موروثي خاصيتن ۽ ان جي نسل در نسل منتقلي جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي ان کي جينيٽڪس چئجي ٿو لفظ جينيٽڪس هڪ لفظ ( وري وري پيدا ٿيڻ be birth Genesis = to ) مان ورتل آهي.
پيلينٽالاجي Paleontology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا قديم جاندارن جي ڊانچن جي باري ۾ ڃاڻ ڏي ان کي پيلينٽالاجي چئجي ٿو هن کي ٻن حصن ۾ ورهايو ويو آهي جانورن جي باري ملندڙ ڄاڻ کي Paleozoology ۽ ٻوٽن جي باري ۾ ملندڙ ڄاڻ کي Paleobatany چئجي ٿو. موجوده دور ۾ ان شاخ جي مدد سان احرام مصر ۽ ڊائناسور وغيره جي باري ۾ معلومات حاصل ڪئي ويئي آهي.
بايو ڪيميسٽري Bio Chemistry
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندارن جي اندروني توڙي ٻاهرين ڪيميائي تبديلن ۽ عملن جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي ان ملندڙ ڃاڻ کي بايو ڪيميسٽري چئجي ٿو.
بايو ٽيڪنالاجي Bio technology
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندارن جي بهبود ۽ ڀلائي جي استعمال ٿيندڙ ٽيڪنڪ جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي ان کي بايو ٽيڪنالاجي چئجي ٿو . موجوده دور ۾ هن شاخ تمام گھڻي ترقي ڪئي آهي جنهن سان انسان جا ڪيترائي ڪم وقت جي بچت سان گڏ اڳئي کان گھڻي فائدي جي صورت ۾مڪمل ٿين ٿا
بايو فزڪس Bio Physics
بائيلاجي جي اها شاخ جيڪا جاندارن جي قائدن ۽ قانونن جي باري ۾ ڄاڻ ڏي ان کي بايو فزڪس چئجي ٿو هن شاخ وسيلي جاندارن جي عمر معلوم ڪرڻ کان سواءِ موجوده دور ۾ هن شاخ مان وڌ کان وڌ فائدو حاصل ڪيو وڃي جيئن ريڊو ايڪٽو شعاعن وسيلي ڪينسر جو علاج ، ايڪس ريز X-ray ٽيڪنالاجي ۽ الٽراسائونڊ Ultrasound ٽيڪنالاجي هن جا بهترين مثال آهن .

زندگي جي ابتدا بابت اسلامي نظريوIslamic View About The Origin Of Life
قران شريف مسلمانن جو مقدس ڪتاب آهي جيڪو آخري نبي حضرت محمدﷺ تي الله تعالى جي طرفان وحي ڪري لاٿو ويو هن ڪتاب ۾ جاندارن ۽ بي جان شين جي پيدائش بابت مـختلـف جاين تي ذڪر آيل آهي.
جيئن سورة السجده جي آيت نمبر 7 کان 9 ۾ انسانن جي پيدائش بابت فرمايل آهي.
ترجمو ؛ جنهن شِئ پيدا ڪئي سا سڀڪا چگي طرح بڻايائين ۽ ماڻهو جي پيدائش کي مٽي مان نئون شروع ڪيائين وري سندس اولاد بي قدر پاڻي جي نچوري مان بڻايائين وري کيس سنئين لڱين ڪيائين ۽ منجھس پنهنجو روح ڦوڪيائين ۽ اوهان لاءِ ڪن ۽ اکيون بڻايائين اوهين ٿورو شڪر ڪندا آهيو.
تشريح ؛ قران شريف جي هن ايتن ۾ الله تعالى انسان جي پيدائش بابت فومائي ٿو ته انسان جي پيدائش سڀ کان پهرين مٽي مان ڪئي وئي پوءِ ان مٽي جي بت تي گوشت جي پوساڪ پهرائي ان کي سڌو سنئين لڱين ڪيون ويو انهي بي جان بت ۾ الله تعالى پاڻ پنهنجو روح ڦوڪيو ته اهومٽي جو بت زنده انسان جي صورت ۾ بنجي ويو جنهن کي ڏسڻ لاءِ اکيون ٻڌڻ لاءِ ڪن سوچڻ لاءِ د ماغ ڏنو ويو انهي کان پوء پيدا ٿيندڙ انسان کي گندي پاڻي مان پيدا ڪيو ويو پر افسوس انهي انسان تي جنهن پنهنجي مالڪ جي انهن مهربانين جي باوجود ان جو ٿورو شڪر به ادا نه ٿو ڪري.
قران شريف ۾ جانورن جي پيدائش بابت ڪيترن ئي هنڌن تي ذڪر ڪيل آهي جيئن سورة الانعام ۾ جانورن جي پيدائش بابت فرمايل آهي بيشڪ جانور اوهان لاءِ عبرت آهن ڪي جانور ٻن پيرن تي ڪي جانور چار پيرن تي ڪي وري پيٽ ڀر هلن ٿا.
تشريح ؛ قران شريف جي ان آيت ۾ الله تعالى جانورن جي پيدائش کي انسانن جي لاءِ عبرت چيو آهي اوهان غور ڪريو انهي زمين تي ڪي جانور ٻن پيرن تي يعنى انسان ڪي چار پيرن تي جيئن جانور ۽ ڪي پيٽ ڀر جيئن نانگ وغيره هلن ٿا اهي نشانيون غور ڪرڻ وارن لاءِ ڪافي آهن.

حياتياتي طريقو Biological Method
علم حياتيات ۾ جيڪي نه تجربا ڪيا وڃن اهي اهي ٽجربا مخـتلـف مرحلن مان گذرن ٿا ۽ اخر ۾ اهو تجربو نظري جي صورت اختيار ڪري ٿو حياتياتي طريقي جا چند هيٺيان مرحلا هي آهن .
مشاهدو Observation
حياتياتي طريقي ۾ مشاهدو تمام اهم ڪردار ادا ڪري ٿو، جنهن به شي جو مشاهدو ڪرڻو هوندو آهي. سڀ کان پهرين ان شي جو تعين ڪرڻو پوندو آهي مثال طور ؛ اسان مليريا تي مشاهدو ڪريو ٿا ته اها ڪنهن پيدا ٿئي ٿي؟ ڇا اها وچڙندڙ بيماري آهي؟ ان قسم جا ڪيترائي سوال اسان جي ذهين ۾پيدا ٿين ٿا پر انهن سوالن جي جوابن جي لاءِ اسان کي تمام گھڻي محنت ۽ حياتياتي طريقي جي هيٺين مرحلن مان گذرڻو پوندو
مفرضو Hypothesis
مشاهداتي حقيقتن ۽ اڳ جمع ڪيل معلومات جي آڌار تي حياتيات جي ماهرهڪ ذهني اندازا لڳائين ٿا ته مـختلـف سوالن جا ڪهڙا موزون جواب ٿي سگھن ٿا. اهڙي ذهني اندازو جيڪو بيان جي صورت ۾هجي ان کي مفروضو Hypothesis سڌيو وڃي ٿي. مثال طور ـ مشاهدي ۾ مليريا جي مريض جي رت ۾ موجود پلازموڊيم مان هڪ اهو ذهني اندازو لڳايو وڃي ٿو ته
ڇا واقعي پلازموڊيم مليريا جو سبب آهي ? Plasmodium is the really cause of Malaria
گھٽائڻ Deduction
مفروضي ثابت ڪرڻ لاءِ ڪجهه دليلن تي ٻڌل اڳڪٿيون ڪيون وڃن ٿيون يا ائين کڻي چئجي صفائي پيش ڪرڻي پوي ٿي مثال طور مفروضي کي چڪاس ڪرڻ لاءِ هيٺيون منطقي دليل جاري ڪيو وڃي ٿو
“جيڪڏهن پلازموڊيم واقعي مليريا جو ڪارڻ ته ڇا مليريا جي ٻين مريضن جي رت ۾ پلازموڊيم موجود آهي ۽ اها ٻين صحتمند ماڻهن ۾موجود آهي يا نه”
اهڙي طرح انهي مفروضي کي ثابت ڪرڻ ۽ منطقي دليل ڏيڻ لاءِ تجربي جي ضرورت ٿئي ٿي انهي سان مڪمل تصديق حاصل ڪري سگھجي ٿي.
تجربو Experiment
حياتياتي طريقي جو اهم حصو Experiment ٿئي ٿو جنهن ۾ چڪاس ڪئي وڃي ٿي انهن مفروصي وارين اڳڪٿين ۽ منطقي دليل جي . تجربي ۾ اهو ڏٺو وڃي ٿو ته مفروضو صحيح آهي يا غلط ؟. اهوڪم ئي عقل مند ۽ تجريبگار سائينسدان جي هجڻ جوثبوت پيش ڪري ٿو.
حياتياتي طريقي ۾ تجربي واري عمل ۾ سُو 100 تندرست ماڻهن جي رت جا نمونا کنيا ويا ته ٻئي پاسي سُو 100 مليريا جي مريضن جي رت جا نمونا کنيا ويا ۽ ٻنهي رتن کي چڪاس لاءِ رکي وڃي ٿو. ۽ تجربي مان اهو آساني سان معلوم ٿئي ويندو مليريا جو اصل ڪارڻ ڇا آهي.
نتيجو Result
حياتياتي طريقي ۾ تجربي مان آخر ۾ نتيجو ڪڍيو وڃي ٿو مٿئين تجربي جي نتيجي مطابق جڏهن 100سُو تندرست ماڻهن جي رت جا نمونا چڪاسيا ويا ته انهن ۾ پلازموڊيم موجود نه هو جڏهن مليريا جي مريضن جي رت جا نمونا چڪاسيا ويا ته انهن ۾ پلازموڊيم موجود هو انهي تجربي مان اهو ثابت ٿي ويو ته مليريا جو اصل ڪارڻ پلازموڊيم آهي جيڪو مادي مڇر جي چڪ سان رت ۾ منتقل ٿئي ٿو.
نظريو Theory
حياتياتي طريقي ۾ سڀني کان ڏکيو مرحلو نظريو theory مرتب ڪرڻ ۽ انهي کي حياتياتي ماهرن جي اڳيان ثبوتن سان پيش ڪرڻ آهي . اهو ممڪن نه آهي ته مفروضي کي هڪدم ثابت ڪري سگھجي ان نظريي جي سچي يا ڪوڙي هئڻ لاءِ آهستي آهستي جمع ٿيندڙ اڻ سڌا ثبوت هئڻ ضروري آهن جيئن جيئن ثبوت ايندا ويندا تيئن تيئن انهي تجربي کي تسليم ڪرڻ جا موقعا وڌندا ويندا . آخر ڪار اهي ثبوت هڪ نظريي جي صورت اختيار ڪري وٺندا .
ابايوجينسس بايوجينسس ريڊي جو تجربوExperiment A-Biogenesis, Biogenesis and Redi’s
هي حياتي جا ٻه مشهور نظريا آهن جيڪي مختلف وقتن تي ڏنا ويا ، حياتي جي باري ۾ ڪيترائي نظريا ڏنا ويا پر انهن نظرين مان ٻه هيٺيان مشهورنظريا هي آهن
ابايو جينسس A-Biogenesis
حياتي جو هي مشهور نظريو مشهور مفڪر ارسطو جو ڏنل آهي هن نظريي مطابق،
“جاندار شيون بي جان شين مان اوچتو ازخد يا پاڻ مرادو پيدا ٿين ٿيون”
حياتي جو هي نظريو جڏهن پيس ٿيو ته انهي نظري کي تمام گهڻي اهميت ملي ڇاڪاڻ ته ارسطو پنهنجي دور جو مشهور فاتح سڪندر اعظم جو استاد هو ۽ ارسطو پنهنجي نظريي کي وڌيڪ ڪامياب بنائڻ لاءُ هيٺيان مثال ڏنا
مثال وڇون جانورن جي ڇيڻ مان پيدا ٿي ٿو
مثال مڇيون سمنڊ جي مٽي ۽ گپ مان پيدا ٿين ٿيون
مثال مري ويندڙ جانورن جي جسم ۾ ڪيئان پيدا ٿين ٿا
مثال کاڌي وارين شين تي سينور جو پيدا ٿيڻ وغيره انهي جو ثبوت آهي ته جاندار شيون بي جان شين مان اوچتو پاڻمرادو پيدا ٿين ٿيون.
بايوجينسس Biogenesis
ارسطو جي خيال تي مشهور سائنسدان ريڊي ڪيترائي تجربا ڪيا انهي نظري جي حقيقتن کي ڃاڻڻ جي ڪوشش ڪئي ته ڇا واقعي جاندار شيون بي جان مان پيدا ٿئي سگھن ٿيون آخر هن ڪيترن تجربن وسيلي انهي خيال کي غلظ قرار ڏئي دنيا کي اصل حقيقت کان اگاه ڪيو. حياتي جي هن مشهور نظريي کي بايو جينسس Biogenesis سڏيو وڃي ٿو. هن نظريي مطابق ،
“جاندار شيون بي جان شين مان اوچتو ازخد يا پاڻ مرادو پيدا ٿي نه ٿيون سگهن پر جاندار شيون جاندارن مان ئي پيدا ٿين ٿيون ‘
مثال ، انسان انسانن مان ، جانور جانورن مان ۽ ٻوٽا ٻوٽن مان پيدا ٿين ٿا حياتي جي انهي نظريي کي وڌيڪ ثابت ڪرڻ لاءِ ريڊي نالي سائينسدان هڪ آسان تجربو ڪري دنيا کي اهو ثابت ڪري ڏيکاريو ته جاندار شيون جاندارن مان پيدا ٿين ٿيون.

ريڊي جو تجربو Redi’s Experiment
تجربو نمبر 01 Experiment No.
هن تجربي مطابق ريڊي نالي سائنسدان چند کليل منهن وارن بوتلن جي اندر مئل مڇي ۽ نانگ وڌا ۽ انهن بوتلن کي هن کليل ڇڏي ڏنو ٽن ڏينهن کان پوءِ انهن ۾ ڪينئان پئجي ويا. وڌيڪ مشاهدي لاءِ ريڊي انهن بوتلن کي وڌيڪ 18 ڏينهن تائين چڏي ڏنو جڏهن هن ٻيهر مشاهدو ڪيو ته انهي ۾ موجود ڪينئان پيوپا pupa ۾تبديل ٿئي چڪا هئا هن انهن پيوپا مان چند پيوپا pupa کڻي انهي کي الڳ بوتل ۾ وجهي ڪاغذ سان ڍڪي ڇڏيو 8 ڏينهن کان پوءِ هرهڪ پيوپا هڪ ننڍي مک ٺهي پئي ۽ اهي سڀ مکيون مئل نانگ ۽ مڇي تي ويٺل جهڙيون ئي نظر آيون. انهي تجربي مان اهو ثابت ٿيو ته ڪينئان ئي انهن مکين جا ٻچا آهن جن پنهنجا آنا انهن مئل نانگ ۽ مڇي تي لاٿا هئا جيڪي پوءِ ڦٽي پيوپا جي صورت اختيار ڪري مکيون بنجي ويون.
تجربو نمبر 02 Experiment No.
هن تجربي ۾ ريڊي سائنسدان 8 بوتلن ۾ مڇي ۽ نانگ وڌا انهن مان 4 بوتلن کي هن کليل ۽ 4 بوتلن کي ڍڪڻي سان بند ڪيو ڪجهه ڏينهن جي انتطار کان پوءِ جڏهن هن انهن بوتلن جو مشاهدو ڪيو ته جيڪي بوتلون کليل هيون انهن ۾ ڪينئان ۽ پيوپا pupa پيدا ٿئي چڪا هئا جڏهن ته بند بوتلن جي اندر مڇي ۽ نانگ ڳري ، سڙي بد بوءَ ڪري چڪا پر انهن بوتلن جي اندر ڪو به نئون جاندار يعني ڪينئان يا پيوپا pupa پيدا ٿيل نه هئا جنهن مان اهو ثابت ٿئي چڪو ته ارسطو جو ابايو جينسس وارو خيال غلظ آهي.
تجربو نمبر 03Experiment No.
هن تجربي ۾ ريڊي سائنسدان ڪجھ گوشت جا ٽڪرا کڻي انهن کي ويڪري منهن واري بوتل ۾ وجھي ان کي سنهي ڃاري سان بند ڪري ان کي وري هڪ ڃاري جي فريم ۾ بند ڪري ڇڏيو انهي بوتل ۾ هوا ته داخل ٿئي سگھي ٿي پر مک يا ٻيو جيت ان جي اندر داخل نه ٿي ٿئي سگهيو ٿي ڪيترن ڏينهن کان جڏهن هن انهي بوتل جو مشاهدو ڪيو ته انهي بوتل ۾ گوشت ته سڙي بد بوءِ ڪري چڪو پر انهي گوشت ۾ ڪو به نئون جاندار ڪينئان يا پيوپا pupa وغيره پيدا ٿيل نه هو جنهن ڪري انهي تجربي اهو ثابت ڇڏيو ته ابايو جينسس وارو نظريو غلظ آهي جڏهن ته بايو جينسس وارو نظريو صحيح آهي. جنهن مطابق جاندار شيون جاندارن مان پيدا ٿين ٿيون.

نيڌام جو تجربو Needham’s Experiment
مشهور سائنسدان نيڌام 1748ع ۾ هڪ آسان تجربو ڪري بايو جينسس واري نظري کي چيلينج ڪري هڪ دفعو ٻيهر دنيا کي اهو ثابت ڪري ڏيکاريو ته جاندار شيون بي جان شين مان پيدا ٿي سگھن ٿيون.
هن تجربي جي مطابق نيڌام سائنسدان ڪجھ گوشت جي ٽڪرن کي پاڻي ۾ اٻاري انهن کي بوتلن ۾ وجھي ان جي منهن کي ٻوچ سان بند ڇڏيو ڪجھ ڏينهن کان پوءِ جڏهن هن انهي گوشت کي خوردبيني Microscope جي وسيلي مشاهدو ڪيو ته هن کي انهي گوشت جي اندر ڪيترائي خوردبيني جاندار نطر آيا جنهن ڪري انهي تجربي هڪ دفعو ٻيهر اهو ثابت ڪيو ته جاندار شيون بي جان شين مان پيدا ٿئي سگھن ٿيون

پاسچر جو تجربو Pasture’s Experiment
فرانس جي مشهور سائنسدان لوئيس پاسچر 1864ع ۾ حياتيات ماهرن جي ٽيم جي سامهون هڪ آسان تجربو ڪري همشيه جي لاءِ اهو ثابت ڪري ڏيکاريو ته جاندار شيون جاندارن مان پيدا ٿين ٿيون پر ڪا به جاندار شي بي جان شيءِ مان پيدا ٿئي نه ٿي سگھي .
هن تجربي جي مطابق پاسچر ڪجھ مڙيل ڳچي واريون S ٽائيپ type واريون گھگھيون کنيون انهن جي اندر ڪجھ خميرجڻ وارو شربت نما ڳار جنهن ۾ پاڻي ، کنڊ ۽ خمير yeast مليل هو جيڪو خوردبيني جاندارن جو کاڌو آهي انهي کي هن گھگھين ۾ وجھي ۽ ان جي منهن کي کليل ڇڏي ڏنو ۽ هاڻي انهي شربت نما ڳار کي هن اٻاريو جيئن انهي اٻاريل سان شربت نما ڳارمان خوردبيني جاندار مري وڃن ۽ اهڙي طرح سان انهي S وانگر مڙيل نلي مان دونهون ٻاهر نڪرندو رهيو. انهي کان پوءَ هن انهي ڳار کي ٿڌي ٿيڻ تائين ڇڏي ڏنو . جڏهن هن خوردبين سان ان ڳار جو مشاهدو ڪيو ته ان ۾ هن کي ڪو به خوردبيني جاندار نظر نه آيو پر جڏهن هن مڙيل نلي واري حصي جو مشاهدو ڪيو ته هن کي ان ۾ ڪيترائي خوردبيني جاندار نظر آيا جيڪي هوا ۾موجود خوردبيني جاندارهئا اهي انهي مڙيل نلي مان اندر داخل ٿيا ۽ اهي مڙيل نلي وارن حصن ۾ ڦاسي پيا پر اهي ڳار تائين پهچي نه سگھيا. تجربي کي وڌيڪ آسان بنائڻ لاءِ پاسچر انهي مڙيل نلي واري حصي کي گھگھي جي منهن وٺان ڪٽي ڇڏيو چند ڪلاڪن کان پوءِ جڏهن هن انهي ڳار جو مشاهدو ڪيو ته هن کي انهي ڳار ۾ ڪيترائي خوردبيني جاندار نظر آيا. انهي مان ثابت ٿيو ته هوا ۾ جيڪي خوردبيني موجود آهن اهي کاڌي ۾ شامل ٿين ٿا ، اهڙي طرح انهي تجربي مان هڪ دفعو ٻيهر اهو ثابت ٿيو ته جاندار شيون جاندان مان پيدا ٿين ٿيون.
علم حياتيات ۾ مسلم سائنسدانن جوحصو. Part of Muslim Biologists in Biology The
علم حياتيات ۾ مسلم شائنسدانن تمام گھڻو ڪم ڪيو جن مسلم سائنسدانن انهي ميدان اهم ڪردار ادا ڪيو انهن مان چند هي آهن .
جابر بن حيان Bin -Hayan Jabir -
جابر بن حيان 722ع ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 817 ع ۾ وفات ڪيائين هي مسلم سائنسدان پنهنجي دور جو مشهور ڪيميادان ، علم نباتات ، علم حيوانات ، علم نـفسات ۽ علم فلڪيات جو ماهر مسلم سائنسدان ٿئي گذريو آهي هن علم ڪيميا ۾ ڪيترائي تيزاب روشناس ڪرايا ، آڪسيجن ۽ بخار جي عمل جي باري ۾ تـفصلي معلومات مهيا ڪئي جڏهن ته هن سائنسدان علم حياتيات ۾ به تمام گھڻي کوجنا ڪئي سندس جانورن تي لکيل ڪتاب ) الحيوان (۽ ٻوٽن تي النباتات مشهور ڪتاب آهن.
عبدالماڪ اصمعي Abdul - Malik – Asmai
عبدالماڪ اصمعي جو نالومسلم سائنسدانن ۾ سونهري اکرن ۾ لکيو وڃي ٿو هي سائنسدان علم طب ، علم الحيوانات ۽ علم فلڪيات جو ماهر مسلم سائنسدان ٿئي گذريو آهي هن سائنسدان علم حياتيات ۾ تمام گھڻو ڪم ڪيو سندس لکيل ڪيترائي ڪتاب يورپ جي يونيورسٽين ۾ نصاب طور پڙهيا ويندا هئا .سندس لکيل چند ڪتاب هي آهن
01. الخيل گھوڙن جي باري ۾
02. انابل اٺن جي باري ۾
03. الشاة رڍن جي باري ۾
04. الوحوش جھنگي جانورن جي باري ۾چ
05. خلق الانسان انسان جي باري ۾
علي ربن طبري Ali – Bin -Tubri
هي سائنسدان علم طب ، علم فلڪيات ، علم رياضي ۽ علم حياتيات جو ماهر مسلم سائنسدان ٿئي گذريو آهي علي ربن طبري 775ع پيدا ٿيو ۽ 870 ع ۾ وفات ڪيائين هن سائنسدان کي علم طب ۾ تمام گھڻي مقبوليت حاصل آهي سندس طب تي لکيل مشهور ڪتاب ) فردوس الحڪمته ( آهي
ابو عثمان عمر الجاحظ Abu – Usman – Umer - Aljahiz
هن سائنسدان علم الحيوانات ۾ تمام کوجنا ڪئي سندس جانورن تي لکيل ڪيترائي ڪتاب اڄ به مخـتلـف ٻولين ۾ ترجمو ٿيل آهن سندس لکيل ڪتاب )الحيوان( ۾ هن تـقريبن 350 جانورن جي مخـتلـف خاصيتن جو ذڪر ڪيو آهي هن ڪتاب ۾ هن ماڪوڙين تي هڪ خاص مضمون لکيو آهي جنهن ۾ هن ماڪوڙين جي زندگي جو تـفصيلي ذڪر ڪيوآهي
الفاربي Al – Farabi
الفاربي 870ع ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 950ع ۾وفات ڪيائين هي سائنسدان پنهنجي دور جو مڃيل جراح ۽ علم طب جو ماهر سائنسدان هو هن سائنسدان کي اهو مقام حاصل آهي ته هن سڀ کان پهرين ميڊيڪل انسائيڪلوپيڊيا لکي سندس لکيل ڪيترائي ڪتاب ڪيتري وقت تائين يورپ جي يونيورسٽين ۾ نصاب طور پڙهيا ويندا هئا سندس لکيل ڪتابن ۾ )ڪتاب النباتات ( ۽ )ڪتاب الحيوانات( مشهور ڪتاب آهن
ابو القاسم الزهراوي Abul –Qasim – Al -Zahravi
هي سائنسدان 936ع ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽ 1004ع ۾ وفات ڪيائين هي سائنسدان اسلامي اندلس جو ڏهين صدي جو سڀ کان وڏو جراح هو جنهن ڪيترائي جراحي اوزار ايجاد ڪيا هن سائنسدان کي اهو مقام حاصل آهي هن سڀ کان پهرين مثاني مان پٿري ڪڍڻ جو ڪامياب تجربو ڪيو سندس لکيل ڪتاب) النصريف( علم طب جو بي مثال ڪتاب آهي جنهن ۾ جراحي جي اوزارن جا نـقشا ۽ آپريشن جي مڪمل ڃاڻ ڏنل آهي هن ڪتاب جو ڪيترين ٻولين ترجمو ٿيل آهي
ابن الهيشم Ibn –al - Haitham
مسلم سائنسدانن ۾ابن الهيشم کي جيڪو مقام حاصل آهي اهو شايد ڪنهن ٻئي جي حصي ۾ نه اچي سگھي هي مشهور مسلم سائنسدان 965ع ۾ پيدا ٿيو ۽1039ع ۾ وفات ڪيائين هي سائنسدان علم ڪيميا ،علم طبعي ، علم حياتيات ، علم فلڪيات ، علم رياضي ، علم نفسات ۽ علم طب جو ماهر مسلم سائنسدان تصور ڪيو وڃي ٿو هن سائنسدان اک جي بناوت ۽ اک جي ڪارڪردگي جي باري ۾ڃاڻ ڏني ۽ اهو به ٻڌايو ته ڏسڻ وارو علم اک جي پردي Retina جي وسيلي ٿئي ٿو هن سائنسدان عينڪ ٺاهڻ جو به ڪامياب تجربو ڪيو سندس لکيل ڪتاب (ڪتاب المناظر ۽ ميزان الحڪمته ) مشهور ڪتاب آهن.



بو علي سينا Bu –Ali – Sina
مسلم سائنسدانن ۾ بوعلي سينا جو نالو سندس ڪيل ڪمن جي ڪري هميشه سونهري اکرن ۾لکيو وڃي ٿو هي مشهور مسلم سائنسدان 980ع ۾بخارا شهر ۾پيدا ٿيو ۽ 1038ع ۾ وفات ڪيائين هي سائنسدان اسلامي دنيا جو عظيم مفڪر ، علم طب ، علم فلڪيات ،علم فلسفي علم رياضي ،علم ڪيميا ۽ علم طبعي جو ماهر مسلم سائنسدان ٿي گذريو آهي هن سائنسدان ڏهن سالن جي عمر ۾ قران شريف ، فقه ۽ آدب ۾ ڪمال حاصل ڪيو هن سائنسدان کي علم طب جو باني سڏيو وڃي ٿو سندس طب تي لکيل ڪتاب )في الطب الشفا( مشهور ڪتاب آهي جانورن ۽ بي جاندار شين تي لکيل ڪتاب )القانون( تمام گھڻي مقبوليت حاصل ڪئي.
ضياءُ الدين ابن بيطار- Baitar Zia –ud – Din -Ibn
علم نباتات جي حوالي سان جڏهن به ذڪر ٿيندو ته انهي ۾ ضياءٌ الدين ابن بيطار جو نالو سر فهرست هوندو هن سائنسدان تقريبن اڌ دنيا جو پيادل سفر ڪري ڪيترائي نوان ٻوٽا ۽ جڙي ٻوٽيون ڳولي لڌيون ۽ ڪيترن ئي ٻوٽن جا نالا هن جا تجويز ڪيل آهن
ابن النـفس Ibn –al –Nafees
هي تيرهن صدي جو مشهور مسلم سائنسدان ٿي گذريو آهي هن سائنسدان انساني رت جي دوري ۽ انساني دل جي باري ۾ ڃاڻ ڏني.
علي بن عيسى Ali –bin –Isa
هي مسلم سائنسدان اکين جي بيمارين جو مشهور سائنسدان ٿئي گذريو آهي هن سائنسدان اک جي بنارت ۽ اکين جي بيمارين جي باري ۾ تمام مفيد معلومات مهيا ڪئي هن سائنسدان اک جي 130 بيمارين جي نشاندگي ڪئي ان جو علاج پڻ تجويز ڪيو سندس اک تي لکيل ڪتاب ڪيترين ئي ٻولين ۾ ترجمو ٿيل آهن.

حياتيات جا ٻيا ماهر سائنسدان Other Biologists
علم حياتيات ۾ پندرهن صدي کان پوءِ مسلم سائنسدانن جي رهيل ڪمن کي جاري رکڻ لاءِ يورپين ۽ ٻين سائنسدانن اهم ڪم سر انجام ڏنا جن سائنسدانن انهي ميدان ۾ اهم ڪم سر انجام ڏنو انهن مان چند هي آهن.
وليم هاروي William Harvey )1578ع کان 1657(
هن سائنسدان انساني رت جي دوري ، بلڊ پريشر ۽ انساني دل جي باري ۾ تـفصيلي ڃاڻ ڏني
گليليو Galileo
هن سائنسدان جو سڀ کان وڏو ڪارنامو خوردبين microscope جو ايجاد آهي جنهن وسيلي تمام ننڍين شين کي ڏسي سگھجي ٿو.
رابرٽ هڪ Robbert Hook
هن سائنسدان جو سڀ کان وڏو ڪارنامو جيوگھرڙي cell جي دريافت آهي هن سائنسدان سڀ کان پهرين ٻوٽن جو جيوگھرڙو دريافت ڪيو.
لينيئس Linnaeus 1704ع کان 1778ع
هن سائنسدان جاندان جي خاصيتن جي بنياد تي درجابندي ڪرڻ ۽ انهن تي سائنسي نالن رکن جو طريقو دريافت ڪيو جنهن ڪري هن سائنسدان کي ٽيگزانامي جو ابو father of Taxonomy سڏيو وڃي ٿو.
لوئيس پاسچر Louis Pasteur 1822ع کان 1895ع
هن سائنسدان ڪيترين بيمارين جا جراثيم دريافت ڪئي سندس سڀ کان وڏو ڪارنامو ٽي بي T-B جو جراثيم bacteria جي دريافت ڪرڻ آهي.
جي . ليسٽر J – Lister
هن سائنسدان ڪيتريون ئي جراثيم ڪش دوائون ايجاد ڪيون جيڪي زخمن ۽ ڦٽن جي لاءَ استعمال ٿين ٿيون مثال ؛ آيوڊين ۽ ڪاربولڪ ايسڊ
ايڊورڊ جينر Edward Jennar
هن سائنسدان جو سڀ کان وڏو ڪارنامو ماتا small pox جو ٽڪو ايجاد ڪرڻ آهي هي موتمار بيماري انهي وقت ڪيترن ئي انسانن کي پنهنجو نشانو بنائي چڪي هئي پر هن ٽڪي جي ايجاد کان پوءَ هن بيماري جو هاڻي پوري دنيا مان خاتمو ٿئي چڪو آهي.
جينيٽڪ انجنيئرنگ Genetic engineering
علم حياتيات ۾ موجوه دور ۾ سڀ کان وڌيڪ ڪم جينيٽڪ انجنيئرنگ تي ٿئي رهيو آهي جنهن ۾ هٿرادو نموني سان DNA جي تياري آهي جنهن جي هٿرادو نموني سان منتقلي ڪئي وڃي ٿي انهي طريقي جي مدد سان ڪيترين ئي موروثي بيماريون مثلا؛ سسٽڪ فائبروسس ، هيمو فليا ۽ دم وغيره جو هاڻي خاتمو آڻي سگھجي ٿو جيڪي اڳ لا علاج بيماريون تصور ڪيون وينديون هيون. دنيا ۾ ڪيتريون ئي بيماريون موروثي آهن جيڪي اسان ۾ پنهنجي والدين مان منتقل ٿين. جينيٽڪ انجنيئرنگ ۾ ٻيو وڏو ڪمال ڪلوننگ Cloning جوطريقو آهي تازو ئي ان مثال ڊولي رڍ جي پيدائش آهي انهي کان سواءِ ٽشو ڪلچر tissues culture جو طريقو به حيرت ۾ وجھندڙ آهي جنهن وسيلي جسم جي ناڪارن حصن جاءِ تي ٻين صحتمند حصن جو لڳائڻ آهي. مطلب ته هن جديد ٽيڪنالاجي جي دور ۾ انسانن جي فائدي لاءِ وڌ کان وڌ جينيٽڪ انجنيئرنگ ڪم ڪري رهي آهي

sindhi ko red kar nh k L download kar lo mbsindhi fonts

hello plz i want sindhi notes for class 9th is it possible plz sent me notes.

dear bro. i write sindhi and english biology notes with 350 mcqs ur send me your mail add i send you these notes ok bro. zulfijunejo4 @ gmail .com

mcqs for all chapters

g bro. 350 MCQ'S OK

need mcqs and short question in english medium
thanks

dear bhai need mcqs of all chapters my email is aquariga2005***********
waiting

i need in sindhi plz help me
pawan_loving***********

salam sir im also Teacher in Govt High School and i am studying the Biology to 9th class students. I want Biology Notes in Sindhi Medium So please send me notes on my email address (silver_boy143***********). I Will be very thankful to you